Sero-epidemiology of foot-and-mouth disease in Darfur area, Western Sudan

Alfouz, Wefag; Raouf, Yazeed A.; Ahmed, Noon Babiker Mohammed; Hamid, Alsadig E.; Osman, Nussieba A.

doi:10.1007/s11259-021-09815-1

Cited by 3 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 17 publications

(29 reference statements)

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“…The NSP ELISA seroprevalence of FMD in African buffaloes (Syncerus caffer) was recorded to be 74% in Uganda [8]. Solidphase blocking ELISA-based cattle FMD seroprevalence in Sudan is variable depending on the serotypes and ranges from 3.4% to 49% [5,51]. A seroprevalence of 53.9% using an anti-3ABC antibody ELISA kit in cattle raised together with small ruminants was reported in Sudan [52].…”

Section: Distribution and Overall Prevalence Of Foot-and-mouth Diseas...mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Epidemiological Dynamics of Foot-and-Mouth Disease in the Horn of Africa: The Role of Virus Diversity and Animal Movement

Woldemariyam

Kariuki

Kamau

et al. 2023

Viruses

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The Horn of Africa is a large area of arid and semi-arid land, holding about 10% of the global and 40% of the entire African livestock population. The region’s livestock production system is mainly extensive and pastoralist. It faces countless problems, such as a shortage of pastures and watering points, poor access to veterinary services, and multiple endemic diseases like foot-and-mouth disease (FMD). Foot-and-mouth disease is one of the most economically important livestock diseases worldwide and is endemic in most developing countries. Within Africa, five of the seven serotypes of the FMD virus (FMDV) are described, but serotype C is not circulating anymore, a burden unseen anywhere in the world. The enormous genetic diversity of FMDV is favored by an error-prone RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, intra-typic and inter-typic recombination, as well as the quasi-species nature of the virus. This paper describes the epidemiological dynamics of foot-and-mouth disease in the Horn of Africa with regard to the serotypes and topotypes distribution of FMDV, the livestock production systems practiced, animal movement, the role of wildlife, and the epidemiological complexity of FMD. Within this review, outbreak investigation data and serological studies confirm the endemicity of the disease in the Horn of Africa. Multiple topotypes of FMDV are described in the literature as circulating in the region, with further evolution of virus diversity predicted. A large susceptible livestock population and the presence of wild ungulates are described as complicating the epidemiology of the disease. Further, the husbandry practices and legal and illegal trading of livestock and their products, coupled with poor biosecurity practices, are also reported to impact the spread of FMDV within and between countries in the region. The porosity of borders for pastoralist herders fuels the unregulated transboundary livestock trade. There are no systematic control strategies in the region except for sporadic vaccination with locally produced vaccines, while literature indicates that effective control measures should also consider virus diversity, livestock movements/biosecurity, transboundary trade, and the reduction of contact with wild, susceptible ungulates.

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Section: Distribution and Overall Prevalence Of Foot-and-mouth Diseas...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…At least in Kenya, the O/EA-1 topotype is used to formulate the vaccines, resulting in low cross-protection with circulating viruses [64]. For serotype, FMDV vaccine matching studies suggest the reformulation of commercial vaccines that are currently used in the region and comprise A-KEN-05-1980 and A-ETH-06-2000 antigens [49,51,71,89].…”

Section: Vaccinationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiological Dynamics of Foot-and-Mouth Disease in the Horn of Africa: The Role of Virus Diversity and Animal Movement

Woldemariyam

Kariuki

Kamau

et al. 2023

Viruses

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“…The latter cut-off was adopted for discrimination of positive sera in this work. Control sera included fetal calf sera (FCS) (Sigma) free from antibodies against FMDV and known positive eld bovine sera for SAT2 FMD virus antibody (Alfouz et al 2021). All sera were tested against SAT2-Nk 1/010 and SAT2-Kh 1/08.…”

Section: Animal Inoculation Experimentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diversity of SAT2 foot-and-mouth disease virus in Sudan: implication for diagnosis and control

A/Raouf¹,

Ibrahim²

2022

Vet Res Commun

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Like other East African countries, Sudan experienced circulation of several SAT2 topotypes. In Sudan, topotype XIII and VII of SAT2 virus were recorded. This work meant to evaluate the impact of such diversity on diagnosis and control. A Sudanese SAT2 foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) of topotype VII originated in 2010 showed poor antigenic relationship (r1 value ≈ 0.00) with Sudanese SAT2 FMDV from 2008 when topotype XIII was circulating. After one or three doses of a vaccine derived from SAT2 virus in 2010, heterologous antibody titres with SAT2 virus in 2008 were ≤ 1.2 log 10, not consistent with likely protection, while homologous titres were 1.65 (after one dose) or 1.95 and 2.55 log10 (after 3 doses). SAT2 positive eld sera from Sudan in 2016 were not unvaryingly identi ed by virus neutralization tests (VNT) employing SAT2 viruses from 2010 and 2008. Proportions of positive sera by SAT2 virus from 2010 were always higher than those by viruses from 2008; consistent with the more frequent and recent circulation of topotype VII prior to 2016. Proportions by SAT2 virus from 2010 were 0.68 (±0.1) in one location (n=72), 0.39 (±0.1) in another one (n=94) and 0.52 (±0.1) in the whole test group (n=166). Corresponding values by viruses of 2008 were 0.53 (±0.1), 0.27 (±0.1) and 0.38 (±0.1). In the whole test group, differences were statistically signi cant (p=.02339). Like post-vaccination sera, eld sera (natural immunity) showed no considerable cross neutralization between topotype VII and presumably XIII; almost 45% (43/96) of SAT2 positive eld sera were positive to one topotype but not to the other. Experimental and surveillance ndings emphasized the implication of SAT2 diversity in Sudan. It is concluded that it is di cult to control SAT2 infection in Sudan using a monovalent vaccine. Beside a prophylactic vaccine from topotype VII, stockpiling of antigens from topotype XIII and rapid genotyping and matching studies are necessary approaches. When more frequent circulation of more than one topotype occurs, retrospective diagnosis by serological surveys could be problematic or imprecise.

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Diversity of SAT2 Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus in Sudan: Implication for Diagnosis and Control

Hussien¹,

Ibrahim²

2021

Preprint

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Like other East African countries, Sudan experienced circulation of several SAT2 topotypes. In Sudan, topotype XIII and VII of SAT2 virus were recorded. This work meant to evaluate the impact of such diversity on diagnosis and control. A Sudanese SAT2 foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) of topotype VII originated in 2010 showed poor antigenic relationship (r1 value ≈ 0.00) with Sudanese SAT2 FMDV from 2008 when topotype XIII was circulating. After one or three doses of a vaccine derived from SAT2 virus in 2010, heterologous antibody titres with SAT2 virus in 2008 were ≤ 1.2 log 10, not consistent with likely protection, while homologous titres were 1.65 (after one dose) or 1.95 and 2.55 log10 (after 3 doses). SAT2 positive field sera from Sudan in 2016 were not unvaryingly identified by virus neutralization tests (VNT) employing SAT2 viruses from 2010 and 2008. Proportions of positive sera by SAT2 virus from 2010 were always higher than those by viruses from 2008; consistent with the more frequent and recent circulation of topotype VII prior to 2016. Proportions by SAT2 virus from 2010 were 0.68 (±0.1) in one location (n=72), 0.39 (±0.1) in another one (n=94) and 0.52 (±0.1) in the whole test group (n=166). Corresponding values by viruses of 2008 were 0.53 (±0.1), 0.27 (±0.1) and 0.38 (±0.1). In the whole test group, differences were statistically significant (p=.02339). Like post-vaccination sera, field sera (natural immunity) showed no considerable cross neutralization between topotype VII and presumably XIII; almost 45% (43/96) of SAT2 positive field sera were positive to one topotype but not to the other. Experimental and surveillance findings emphasized the implication of SAT2 diversity in Sudan. It is concluded that it is difficult to control SAT2 infection in Sudan using a monovalent vaccine. Beside a prophylactic vaccine from topotype VII, stockpiling of antigens from topotype XIII and rapid genotyping and matching studies are necessary approaches. When more frequent circulation of more than one topotype occurs, retrospective diagnosis by serological surveys could be problematic or imprecise.

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Sero-epidemiology of foot-and-mouth disease in Darfur area, Western Sudan

Cited by 3 publications

References 17 publications

Epidemiological Dynamics of Foot-and-Mouth Disease in the Horn of Africa: The Role of Virus Diversity and Animal Movement

Epidemiological Dynamics of Foot-and-Mouth Disease in the Horn of Africa: The Role of Virus Diversity and Animal Movement

Diversity of SAT2 foot-and-mouth disease virus in Sudan: implication for diagnosis and control

Diversity of SAT2 Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus in Sudan: Implication for Diagnosis and Control

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