The precipitation of sparingly‐soluble acid, neutral and basic metal salts from aqueous solution: Ionic equilibria at different pHs, precipitate phases and precipitation mechanisms

Abstract

The precipitations of the sparingly-soluble acid, neutral and basic salts of the divalent cations beryllium, magnesium, calcium, strontium, barium, manganese (11), iron (11), cobalt (11), nickel (II), copper (11), zinc, cadmium, mercury (11), tin (11) and lead (11) with the inorganic anions sulphate, chromate, molybdate, monohydrogen phosphate, phosphate, and carbonate (from supersaturated aqueous solutions) are surveyed. The different types of ionic equilibria (cation hydrolysis, anion hydrolysis, ion-pair formation) that may influence these precipitations, at different pHs and ionic concentrations, are examined. The crystalline phases precipitated at different pHs are tabulated and the precipitation mechanisms (at different pHs) are analysed.Die Fiillungen der schwerloslichen sauren, neutralen und basischen Selze der zweiwertigen Kationen von Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Mn(II), Fe(II), Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), Zn, Cd, Hg(lI), Sn(I1) und Pb(I1) mit den anorganischen Sulfat-, Chromat-, Molybdate, Monohydrogenphosphat-, Phosphat-und Carbonatanionen werden in einer Ubersicht dargestellt. Die verschiedenen Typen der Ionengleichgewichte (Kationenhydrolyse, Anionenhydrolyse, Ionenpaarbildung), die diese Fiillungen bei verschiedenen pH-Werten und Ionenkonzentrationen beeinflussen konnten, werden betrachtet. -Die kristallinen Phasen, die bei verschiedenen pH-Werten ausfallen, werden tabellarisch wiedergegeben und die Fiillungsmechanismen (bei verschiedenen pH-Werten) analysiert.

γ‐Aminobutyric acid type B receptor changes in the rat striatum and substantia nigra following intrastriatal quinolinic acid lesions

“…It can be found that the bands at 1472 and 730 cm −1 disappear, as the temperature increases to melting point, which is in accordance with the reports in literature 12, 22. Thus, these two bands belong to the infrared crystalline bands, related to the orthorhombic modification of HDPE 12, 22, 33–35…”

“…In the meantime, the band at 719 cm −1 splits into two bands at 730 and 719 cm −1 . This fact demonstrates that HDPE sample begins to crystallize at 107°C,12, 22, 33–35 which is in agreement with the DSC measurement in Figure 1(b).…”

Probing the Mechanism of Aqueous CO2 Reduction on Post-Transition-Metal Electrodes using ATR-IR Spectroelectrochemistry

“…Thus, it is proposed that the first mechanistic step involves an acid/base reaction between solution protons and the electrode surface. The p K a of the surface oxide is reported to be approximately 7.7 . Notably, when electrolysis experiments are performed at pH values higher than this pH, no formate production is observed, supporting the notion that protonation of the surface is important.…”

“…The pK a of the surface oxide is reported to be approximately 7.7. 38 Notably, when electrolysis experiments are performed at pH values higher than this pH, no formate production is observed, supporting the notion that protonation of the surface is important.…”