The Powerful Immune System Against Powerful COVID-19: A Hypothesis

Taghizadeh‐Hesary, Farzad; Akbari, Hassan

doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0101.v1

Cited by 17 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…Oestrogens suppress the escalation phase of the immune response that leads to increased cytokine release. 91 Authors also showed that female mice treated with an oestrogen receptor antagonist died at close to the same rate as male mice. 92…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Sex difference in coronavirus disease (COVID-19): a systematic review and meta-analysis

et al. 2020

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ObjectiveTo assess the sex difference in the prevalence of COVID-19 confirmed cases.DesignSystematic review and meta-analysis.SettingPubMed, Cochrane Library and Google Scholar were searched for related information. The authors developed a data extraction form on an Excel sheet and the following data from eligible studies were extracted: author, country, sample size, number of female patients and number of male patients. Using STATA V.14 for analysis, the authors pooled the overall prevalence of men and/or women using a random-effect meta-analysis model. The authors examined the heterogeneity in effect size using Q statistics and I2 statistics. Subgroup and sensitivity analyses were performed. Publication bias was also checked.ParticipantsStudies on COVID-19 confirmed cases were included.InterventionSex (male/female) of COVID-19 confirmed cases was considered.Primary and secondary outcome measuresThe primary outcome was prevalence of COVID-19 among men and women.ResultsA total of 57 studies with 221 195 participants were used in the analysis. The pooled prevalence of COVID-19 among men was found to be 55.00 (51.43–56.58, I2=99.5%, p<0.001). Sensitivity analysis showed the findings were not dependent on a single study. Moreover, a funnel plot showed symmetrical distribution. Egger’s regression test p value was not significant, which indicates absence of publication bias in both outcomes.ConclusionsThe prevalence of symptomatic COVID-19 was found to be higher in men than in women. The high prevalence of smoking and alcohol consumption contributed to the high prevalence of COVID-19 among men. Additional studies on the discrepancies in severity and mortality rate due to COVID-19 among men and women and the associated factors are recommended.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Sex difference in coronavirus disease (COVID-19): a systematic review and meta-analysis

et al. 2020

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“…The finding of lower incidence of Covid-19 with BCG coverage and endemicity of malaria and TB might not be merely circumstantial evidence.When a virus infects cells of a body, the body immediately mounts a non-specific innate response consisting of neutrophils, macrophages and dendritic cells which slow the progress of the virus and may even prevent the development of symptoms. COVID-19 34 may inhibit the expression of IFN-1 to overcome the immune response like its predecessor SARS-CoV Type I interferons are produced by immune cells in response to viruses and they act on infected as well as uninfected cells, activating enzymes that cause the degradation of viral nucleic acids and the inhibition of viral of replication, causing the induction of a kind of ‘antiviral state’ 35 . Type 1 IFN is well known for its antiviral activity and stimulation of effector T cell responses 36 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Finding Tentative Causes for the reduced impact of Covid-19 on the Health Systems of poorer and developing nations: An ecological study of the effect of demographic, climatological and health-related factors on the global spread of Covid-19

Banerjee

Saha

2020

Preprint

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Objective - The objective of this study is to evaluate the association with different factors empirically found to affect the spread and the severity of Covid-19. Evidently there is less likelihood of having one single and absolute solution to this pandemic. It is pragmatic to look for a multi-pronged and collaborative assembly of probable solutions, which is the higher objective of this study. Design - Ecological study. Setting - Global setting including 45 countries from all six inhabited continents Population Two (2) or three (3) countries from each geographical region of the continents selected on the basis of population Main outcome - measures correlation factors derived from comparisons between different sets of variables Results - Empirical trends suggested in the existing literature were quantified in a global setting establishing clear trends. Correlation between the proportion of the population affected and median age, prime climate zones, malaria and tuberculosis incidence, BCG coverage and mitigation measures were established. Conclusions The study findings suggest that demographic and climatological factors, high endemicity of TB and Malaria, and universal BCG programmes may have a cushioning effect in the impact of Covid-19 on health systems of poorer and developing nations. In the light of these findings more emphasis is necessary on the protective effects of BCG and antiviral properties of antimalarial drugs.

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“…Additionally, individuals between 56-and 65-years-old presented more severe depressive and anxiety symptoms than other age groups. Studies and reports showed a relatively low incidence risk of COVID-19 for young people but a very high mortality risk for elders [34,35].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Mental health status of Chinese residents during the COVID-19 epidemic

Jiang

Liu

Zhang

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Background: To investigate the mental health status of Chinese residents during the epidemic of COVID-19, as well as to identify the positive and negative factors and regulatory effect of negative cognitive processing bias on mental health.Methods: A total of 60199 residents in China were surveyed via an internet-based survey containing a general questionnaire, such as the self-rating depression scale, the state anxiety inventory, and the negative cognitive processing bias questionnaire. An ordered multiple logistic regression analysis model was used to analyze the collected data. Results: The survey revealed mild, moderate, and severe depressive symptoms in 62.65%, 11.33%, and 6.14% participants, respectively, and mild, moderate, and severe anxiety symptoms in 33.21%, 41.27%, and 22.99% participants, respectively. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that factors, such as female gender, being older than 55 years, high school education level, medical staff, marital conflicts, negative attention bias, rumination, and death growth rate, positively affected depression and anxiety symptoms. The good family functionality, democratic working atmosphere, and a myriad of social activities negatively affected the level of depressive and anxiety symptoms.Conclusion: Chinese residents exhibited a high prevalence of anxiety and depressive symptoms during the epidemic. Thus, psychological interventions should focus on the vulnerable groups, and cognitive training should focus on reducing the negative cognitive processing bias. This might be an effective way to alleviate the mental stress of the general public during the COVID-19 pandemic.

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The Powerful Immune System Against Powerful COVID-19: A Hypothesis

Cited by 17 publications

References 3 publications

Sex difference in coronavirus disease (COVID-19): a systematic review and meta-analysis

Sex difference in coronavirus disease (COVID-19): a systematic review and meta-analysis

Finding Tentative Causes for the reduced impact of Covid-19 on the Health Systems of poorer and developing nations: An ecological study of the effect of demographic, climatological and health-related factors on the global spread of Covid-19

Mental health status of Chinese residents during the COVID-19 epidemic

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