The Potentials of Egyptian and Indian Granites for Protection of Ionizing Radiation

Elsafi, Mohamed; Alrashedi, M. F.; Sayyed, M.I.; Al-Hamarneh, Ibrahim F.; El-Nahal, M. A.; El-Khatib, Mostafa; Khandaker, Mayeen Uddin; Osman, Hamid; Askary, Ahmad El

doi:10.3390/ma14143928

Cited by 25 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 31 publications

(29 reference statements)

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“…The ( Z eq ), which is an energy-dependent parameter describing the properties of the investigated polymers in terms of their equivalent elements, was first calculated using the next formula [ 21 , 22 ]:

where R 1 and R 2 are the ( μ Comp / μ total ) ratios corresponding to the elements with atomic numbers Z 1 and Z 2 , respectively, and R is the ( μ Comp / μ total ) ratio for the selected polymer at a specific energy, which lies between the ratios R 1 and R 2 .…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The computed Z eq values of the investigated polymers were then used to interpolate the GP fitting EBFs ( b , c , a , X K , d ) in the range of energy 0.015–15 MeV using the interpolation formula [ 22 ] (9):

where C 1 and C 2 are GP fitting parameters, taken from the ANSI/ANS-6.4.3 standard database [ 23 ], corresponding to Z 1 and Z 2 between which Z eq of the selected polymer lies. As an example, the GP fitting parameters and the Z eq for PMP (C 6 H 12 ) in the energy range 0.015–15 MeV are listed in Table 1 .…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Gamma-Ray Attenuation and Exposure Buildup Factor of Novel Polymers in Shielding Using Geant4 Simulation

et al. 2021

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Polymers are often used in medical applications, therefore, some novel polymers and their interactions with photons have been studied. The gamma-ray shielding parameters for Polymethylpentene (PMP), Polybutylene terephthalate (PBT), Polyoxymethylene (POM), Polyvinylidenefluoride (PVDF), and Polychlorotrifluoroethylene (PCTFE) polymers were determined using the Geant4 simulation and discussed in the current work. The mass attenuation coefficients (μ/ρ) were simulated at low and high energies between 0.059 and 1.408 MeV using different radionuclides. The accuracy of the Geant4 simulated results were checked with the XCOM software. The two different methods had good agreement with each other. Exposure buildup factor (EBF) was calculated and discussed in terms of polymers under study and photon energy. Effective atomic number (Zeff) and electron density (Neff) were calculated and analyzed at different energies. Additionally, the half-value layer (HVL) of the polymers was evaluated, and the results of this parameter showed that PCTFE had the highest probability of interaction with gamma photons compared to those of the other tested polymers.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gamma-Ray Attenuation and Exposure Buildup Factor of Novel Polymers in Shielding Using Geant4 Simulation

et al. 2021

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“…The compositions are tabulated in Table 1. By knowing these compositions, the MAC can be calculated theoretically using the WinXCom program [25][26][27]. On the other hand, to calculate the MAC experimentally, the HPGe detector and three point sources of different energies were used.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation of Photon Radiation Attenuation Capability of Different Clay Materials

et al. 2021

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This work aims to experimentally report the radiation attenuation factors for four different clays (red, ball, kaolin and bentonite clays) at four selected energies (emitted from Am-241, Cs-137, and Co-60). The highest relative difference in the mass attenuation coefficient (MAC) is equal to −3.02%, but most of the other results are much smaller than this value, proving that the experimental and theoretical data greatly agree with each other. From the MAC results, the shielding abilities of the clay samples at 0.060 MeV follow the order of: bentonite > red > ball > kaolin. Thus, at low energies, the bentonite clay sample provides the most effective attenuation capability out of the tested clays. The half value layer (HVL) increases as energy increases, which suggests that, only a thin clay sample is needed to sufficiently absorb the radiation at low energies, while at higher energies a thicker sample is needed to shield the same amount of high energy radiated. Furthermore, bentonite clay has the lowest HVL, while the kaolin clay has the greatest HVL at all energies. The radiation protection efficiency (RPE) values at 0.060 MeV are equal to 97.982%, 97.137%, 94.242%, and 93.583% for bentonite clay, red clay, ball clay, and kaolin clay, respectively. This reveals that at this energy, the four clay samples can absorb almost all of the incoming photons, but the bentonite clay has the greatest attenuation capability at this energy, while kaolin clay has the lowest.

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“…These samples were left for two weeks to dry, and a sample of each type was then taken to measure its chemical composition by energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis, as shown in Table 1. From knowledge of their compositions, the MAC could be theoretically calculated using the WinXCom program [24][25][26]. The radiation shielding parameters were experimentally determined by the narrow-beam method.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enhancement of Ceramics Based Red-Clay by Bulk and Nano Metal Oxides for Photon Shielding Features

et al. 2021

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We prepared red clays by introducing different percentages of PbO, Bi2O3, and CdO. In order to understand how the introduction of these oxides into red clay influences its attenuation ability, the mass attenuation coefficient of the clays was experimentally measured in a lab using an HPGe detector. The theoretical shielding capability of the material present was obtained using XCOM to verify the accuracy of the experimental results. We found that the experimental and theoretical values agree to a very high degree of precision. The effective atomic number (Zeff) of pure red clay, and red clay with the three metal oxides was determined. The pure red clay had the lowest Zeff of the tested samples, which means that introducing any of these three oxides into the clay will greatly enhance its Zeff, and consequently its attenuation capability. Additionally, the Zeff for red clay with 10 wt% CdO is lower than the Zeff of red clay with 10 wt% Bi2O3 and PbO. We also prepared red clay using 10 wt% CdO nanoparticles and compared its attenuation ability with the red clay prepared with 10 wt% PbO, Bi2O3, and CdO microparticles. We found that the MAC of the red clay with 10 wt% nano-CdO was higher than the MAC of the clay with microparticle samples. Accordingly, nanoparticles could be a useful way to enhance the shielding ability of current radiation shielding materials.

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The Potentials of Egyptian and Indian Granites for Protection of Ionizing Radiation

Cited by 25 publications

References 31 publications

Gamma-Ray Attenuation and Exposure Buildup Factor of Novel Polymers in Shielding Using Geant4 Simulation

Gamma-Ray Attenuation and Exposure Buildup Factor of Novel Polymers in Shielding Using Geant4 Simulation

Investigation of Photon Radiation Attenuation Capability of Different Clay Materials

Enhancement of Ceramics Based Red-Clay by Bulk and Nano Metal Oxides for Photon Shielding Features

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