The potential of white‐rot fungi to degrade phorbol esters of <i>Jatropha curcas</i> L. seed cake

Barros, C. R. M. de; Ferreira, L. M. M.; Nunes, Fernando M.; Bezerra, Rui M. F.; Dias, Albino A.; Guedes, Cristina; Cone, J.W.; Marques, Guilhermina; Rodrigues, M.A.M.

doi:10.1002/elsc.201000040

Cited by 33 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…It has been reported that the PE level in the Jatropha kernel of between 0.02 and 0.11 mg/g is considered safe for human and animal consumption [6]. In the present study, the level of PEs has been reduced by 99%, equivalent to a level of 0.02 mg/g of PEs remaining in the kernel.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 50%

Detoxification of Toxic Phorbol Esters from Malaysian Jatropha curcas Linn. Kernel by Trichoderma spp. and Endophytic Fungi

Najjar

Abdullah

Saad

et al. 2014

IJMS

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The presence of phorbol esters (PEs) with toxic properties limits the use of Jatropha curcas kernel in the animal feed industry. Therefore, suitable methods to detoxify PEs have to be developed to render the material safe as a feed ingredient. In the present study, the biological treatment of the extracted PEs-rich fraction with non-pathogenic fungi (Trichoderma harzianum JQ350879.1, T. harzianum JQ517493.1, Paecilomyces sinensis JQ350881.1, Cladosporium cladosporioides JQ517491.1, Fusarium chlamydosporum JQ350882.1, F. chlamydosporum JQ517492.1 and F. chlamydosporum JQ350880.1) was conducted by fermentation in broth cultures. The PEs were detected by liquid chromatography-diode array detector-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (LC-DAD-ESIMS) and quantitatively monitored by HPLC using phorbol-12-myristate 13-acetate as the standard. At day 30 of incubation, two T. harzianum spp., P. sinensis and C. cladosporioides significantly (p < 0.05) removed PEs with percentage losses of 96.9%–99.7%, while F. chlamydosporum strains showed percentage losses of 88.9%–92.2%. All fungal strains could utilize the PEs-rich fraction for growth. In the cytotoxicity assay, cell viabilities of Chang liver and NIH 3T3 fibroblast cell lines were less than 1% with the untreated PEs-rich fraction, but 84.3%–96.5% with the fungal treated PEs-rich fraction. There was no inhibition on cell viability for normal fungal growth supernatants. To conclude, Trichoderma spp., Paecilomyces sp. and Cladosporium sp. are potential microbes for the detoxification of PEs.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 50%

Detoxification of Toxic Phorbol Esters from Malaysian Jatropha curcas Linn. Kernel by Trichoderma spp. and Endophytic Fungi

Najjar

Abdullah

Saad

et al. 2014

IJMS

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“…de Barros et al (2011) used solid state fermentation (SSF) with the fungi, Bjerkandera adusta or Phebia rufa (at 28°C for 30 days) and showed reduced Jatropha PE content in the seed cake by 91% and 97%, respectively). Joshi et al (2011) applied SSF to seed cake using Pseudomonas aeruginosa PseA strain, and found that Jatropha PE levels were undetectable (LOD not reported) after 9 days under optimised conditions (30°C, pH 7.0 and relative humidity 65%).…”

Section: Jatropha Seed Cakementioning

confidence: 99%

Risks for human and animal health related to the presence of phorbol esters in Jatropha kernel meal

2015

EFS2

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Following a request from the European Commission, the risks for human and animal health related to the presence of phorbol esters (PEs) in Jatropha kernel meal were assessed by the EFSA Panel of Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM). Jatropha curcas (Jatropha) seeds contain substantial amounts of extractable oil utilised for biodiesel production. The remaining protein‐rich products (seed meal or kernel meal) may be used as a protein source in animal feed after removal of anti‐nutritive factors and toxic PEs. The available data on absorption of Jatropha PEs after oral ingestion, biotransformation, elimination, and dose‐dependent toxic effects are very limited, and only for pigs a no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) of 0.4 mg PEs/kg bw per day (12‐O‐tetradecanoylphorbol‐13‐acetate (TPA) equivalent), based on decreases in body weight gain and feed intake, could be identified from short‐term feeding studies. No health based guidance value for humans could be established. Processes that almost completely remove or degrade toxic PEs in Jatropha products are available, resulting in levels below the limit of detection of 3 mg Jatropha PEs/kg (TPA equivalent). Replacement of 50% of the protein in compound feeds with treated Jatropha materials would result in animal exposures that are still 10 to 200‐fold lower than the NOAEL for pigs. The CONTAM Panel concluded that such use of Jatropha material would not pose a health risk to pigs and that the risk to other species is likely to be low. The transfer of Jatropha PEs to animal derived products is unknown. In a human exposure scenario using a 50% transfer rate from feed to milk, a daily intake of 1 μg Jatropa PEs/kg bw per day was calculated. The CONTAM Panel concluded that more data are needed to draw firm conclusions on human risks.

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“…Jc has been used as a substrate for white-rot fungal growth (de Barros et al, 2011;Kasuya et al, 2012;da Luz et al, 2013;Da Luz et al, 2014). However, previous studies focused on the degradation of phorbol ester to improve the usefulness of this material.…”

Section: Troductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Jatropha seed cake supplementation for improved fungal growth and later use as animal feed

Nunes¹,

Luz²,

Paes³

et al. 2014

Afr. J. Microbiol. Res.

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The potential of white‐rot fungi to degrade phorbol esters of Jatropha curcas L. seed cake

Cited by 33 publications

References 18 publications

Detoxification of Toxic Phorbol Esters from Malaysian Jatropha curcas Linn. Kernel by Trichoderma spp. and Endophytic Fungi

Detoxification of Toxic Phorbol Esters from Malaysian Jatropha curcas Linn. Kernel by Trichoderma spp. and Endophytic Fungi

Risks for human and animal health related to the presence of phorbol esters in Jatropha kernel meal

Jatropha seed cake supplementation for improved fungal growth and later use as animal feed

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