The Potential of Galangal (Alpinia galanga Linn.) Extract against the Pathogens that Cause White Feces Syndrome and Acute Hepatopancreatic Necrosis Disease (AHPND) in Pacific White Shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei)

Abstract

White feces syndrome and acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND) are serious diseases that have recently been noted in Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). Vibrio bacteria and 6 species of fungi (Aspergillus flavus, A. ochraceus, A. japonicus, Penicillium sp., Fusarium sp., and Cladosporium cladosporioides) were isolated from shrimp naturally infected with white feces syndrome. Antibiotics have been used to treatment the disease for many years, but these have been ineffective and have resulted in drug residue problems for the shrimp industry. In this study, an alternative method was tested for its efficacy in controlling these pathogens. The crude extract of galangal (Alpinia galanga Linn.), an herbal medicine, inhibited the growth of 8 vibrio species of the pathogen, V. parahaemolyticus (EMS/AHPND) in particular. The results also showed that 0.5 mg/ml of the galangal extract was a concentration that produced the strongest inhibition of the fungi A. ochraceus. Naturally infested shrimp L. vannamei were fed 2 and 4% (v/w) portions of the herb extract for 12 days and their progress was compared with that of a control group (no herb extract). At the end of the feeding trial, the numbers of total Vibrio spp. and the incidence of fungi infestation in the hepatopancreas and intestines of treated shrimp were significantly lower than that in the control group (P<0.05). Furthermore, the survival rates for the treatment groups, after injections with V. parahaemolyticus (EMS/AHPND), were significantly higher than that of the control group (P<0.05). Based on these results, we can report that the galangal extract has antimicrobial properties that are applicable as bio-medicinal agents against white feces syndrome and AHPND. Therefore, in the future this herb should be an alternative to chemotherapeutic agents that are being used in the shrimp industry.

Histopathological in Gills, Hepatopancreas and Gut of White Shrimp (Litopenaeus Vannamei) Infected White Feces Disease (WFD)

“…The spread of white feces syndrome (WFS) is when shrimp consume invertebrates that have gregarine in them. It is strongly suspected that this disease is caused by a combination of Gregarine parasitic infection from the type of nematopsis that is interacted with Vibrio and Vibrio type bacteria found in white shrimp which is attacked by white feces disease is V. harveyi (Chaweepack, et al, 2015).…”

Treatment of gregarines sporozoites in shrimp with allicin an herbal preparation and control intermediate hosts with copper sulphate

“…The affected shrimps were observed to be relatively small in size. The feed conversion ratio in affected shrimp was observed to be poor (Chaweepack et al, 2015) [2] . These symptoms were attributed due to the prevalence of gregarine sporozoites in the affected shrimp.…”

“…The parasite grows inside these invertebrates until the stage of gymnosperm, the shrimp infecting process. In the shrimp, the gymnosperm germinates, which results in sporozoites invading the intestinal epithelium (Chaweepack et al, 2015) [2] . There were also records of direct transmission of the parasite by infected fecal products.…”

Control of AHPND by phages: a promising biotechnological approach

“…) and crude extract of ginger blue ( Alpinia galanga ; Chaweepack et al . ). New biofloc‐based farm technology systems (Ekasari et al .…”