“…The rapid expansion of hydraulic fracturing (fracking) to exploit unconventional shale gas reservoirs in the United States has led to a range of environmental concerns: induced seismicity (Davies, Foulger, Bindley, & Styles, 2013); water usage and contamination (Kondash, Lauer, & Vengosh, 2018; Vengosh, Jackson, Warner, Darrah, & Kondash, 2014; Vengosh, Warner, Jackson, & Darrah, 2013); fugitive methane (CH 4 ) emissions (Boothroyd, Almond, Qassim, Worrall, & Davies, 2016; Boothroyd, Almond, Worrall, Davies, & Davies, 2018); human health effects (Currie, Greenstone, & Meckel, 2017); air quality and noise (Goodman et al, 2016); and surface footprint (Clancy, Worrall, Davies, & Gluyas, 2018). Potential contamination of surface waters and groundwater from spills or subsurface contaminant migration has been a particularly common concern (Vidic, Brantley, Vandenbossche, Yoxtheimer, & Abad, 2013).…”