“…Some employers achieved this by introducing modern machinery, retrenching workers, and creating a more flexible division of labour on the shop floor. They achieved the latter by increased training of workers to allow multi tasking and more participation in day-to-day production decisions (Hunter, 2000;Joffe, 1997;Mager, 2010;Masondo, 2005;Rosenthal, 1997;von Holdt, 2005). The consequence of these business strategies was that, when manufacturing output increased, factories required less semiskilled and unskilled manual labour than would otherwise have been the case.…”