The Pollination Biology of North American Orchids: Volume 2

Abstract

), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbidden. The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks, and similar terms, even if they are not identified as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not they are subject to proprietary rights.Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) v Preface This is the second of two volumes treating the pollination biology of all native and introduced orchid species occurring north of Mexico and Florida. Both volumes provide an up-to-date collation of a vast literature previously scattered in numerous, often obscure, journals and books. Like Volume 1, Volume 2 supplies detailed information on genetic compatibility, breeding systems, pollinators, pollination mechanisms, fruiting success, and limiting factors for each species. Distribution, habitat, and floral morphology are also summarized. In addition, original, detailed line drawings emphasize orchid reproductive organs and their adaptation to known pollinators. All drawings are by the author, sometimes based on the published work of others, as indicated.Volume 1 furnished a brief introduction to the general morphology of the orchid flower and the terminology used to describe orchid breeding systems and reproductive strategies. It treated the lady's-slippers of genus Cypripedium, subfamily Cypripedioideae, and introduced nine genera of the subfamily Orchidoideae, including the diverse rein orchids of genus Platanthera.Volume 2 continues the treatment of the Orchidoideae with nine North American genera of tribe Cranichideae. These include the rattlesnake plantains of genus Goodyera, often recognized by their clusters of variegated leaves, and the ladies' tresses of genus Spiranthes and their relatives, well known for the often spiral arrangement of their flowers in spicate inflorescences.Seven North American tribes of the large subfamily Epidendroideae are considered next. Tribe Neottieae, with three genera, includes the twayblades of genus Listera (Neottia) with their long lips and paired stem leaves. Also in this group are the helleborines, including the strange, ghostly white phantom orchid of genus Cephalanthera and the native stream orchid and broad-leaved helleborine, both of genus Epipactis. The tribe Triphoreae comprises a single North American genus, Triphora, the three-birds orchid with an asymmetrical perianth. The tribe Malaxideae includes the diminutive and easily overlooked adder's mouth orchid of genus Malaxis and a second genus, Liparis, which shares the common name twayblade with Listera, but differs in having only basal leaves. The tribe Calypsoeae comprises vi Preface four genera native to our flora. The fairy slipper orchid of genus Calypso, considered by some as the most beautiful...

Hammarbya paludosa (L.) Kuntze: so many questions

“…Правда, процент плодообразования обычно невысокий, хотя в некоторых популяциях или в отдельные годы может достигать 64-90% (Reeves, Reeves, 1984;Käsermann, Moser, 1999;Seite, Durfort, 1995;Kjaerandsen et al, 2007;Брагина, Вахрамеева, 2008;Harrap, Harrap, 2009; Вахрамеева и др., 2014; Rakosy, 2014;Хомутовский, 2014а, и др.). Ряд авторов связывают низкий репродуктивный успех (соотношение плодов и цветков) H. paludosa с общим недостатком опылителей, влиянием на активность опылителей погоды, расположением соцветия ниже уровня травостоя или поеданием плодов грызунами и насекомыми (Argue, 2012;Seite, Durfort, 1995;Rakosy, 2014;Хомутовский, 2014а).…”