The Politics of the Nervous System

Leary, Timothy; Litwin, George; Hollingshead, Michael; Weil, Gunther; Alpert, Richard

doi:10.1080/00963402.1962.11454358

Cited by 3 publications

(1 citation statement)

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“…Briefly explained, the "set" involves variables related to the subject who is ingesting the substance, such as their individual personality traits, life history, and what is currently happening in their life. The "setting" refers to the culture, place, and situation in which the consumption occurs, including other individuals (therapist, guides, peers), decor, what activities are being performed, and the beliefs shared among the group (Hartogsohn, 2016;Leary, 1962;Zinberg, 1984). The latter is important as regard consumption of ayahuasca or other psychedelics in a naturalistic and traditional setting with characteristic features arising from its origins in indigenous ritual practices from the Amazon Basin or Central and North America (Luna, 2011).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of the acute subjective psychedelic experience: A review of patient-reported outcome measures in clinical research on classical psychedelics

Hovmand,

Poulsen,

Arnfred

2023

J Psychopharmacol

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Background: The classical psychedelics psilocybin, peyote, ayahuasca/ N, N-dimethyltryptamine, and lysergic acid diethylamide can temporarily produce altered states of consciousness, characterized by changes in sensory perception, thought, mood, and the sense of self-reality and meaning. It is important to have reliable instruments for quantifying these altered states in trials, due to a plausible link between the acute subjective experience and treatment outcome. Methods: We conducted a review of outcome measures applied in research on classical psychedelics to assess one or more dimensions of the acute subjective psychedelic experience. Three relevant databases were searched electronically. Two reviewers independently conducted article selection and data extraction regarding the instruments, dimensions, geography, population, and psychedelic substance investigated in the included studies. We identified the five most utilized instruments for the most recent 6 years, as well as the five most utilized instruments for each psychedelic. Results: We included 93 papers, which reported on 93 unique trials and utilized 17 different rating scales. Of these, the most utilized were the Five-Dimensional Altered States of Consciousness Questionnaire, visual analog or Likert scales specially developed for the trials, the Hallucinogen Rating Scale, the States of Consciousness Questionnaire, and the Abnormer Psychischer Zustand. Discussion: Considerable variability was found in the instruments utilized in clinical trials on classical psychedelics. We advise and encourage the development of a core outcome set for psychedelic research to enable altered state comparisons across compounds, participants, and settings. We further advise that instruments be designed to assess the “setting” of a psychedelic experience.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%