“…About half of the top mineral-producing districts of these states are adivasi-dominated districts which signify a large-scale loss of livelihood and displacement of adivasis (Bhushan et al, 2008; Ministry of Tribal Affairs, 2014). No doubt, mining and industrialisation generated ample employment opportunities, however, they became ghettoised in the employment process due to lack of social capital and politics of identity (Haldar & Abraham, 2015; Kujur, 2017; Strümpell, 2014). For instance, in the collieries and Bharat Coking Coal Ltd (BCCL) in the district of Dhanbad, Jharkhand, and Rourkela Steel Plant in the state of Odisha, the contractors and managers who were overwhelmingly non-adivasi migrants persistently skewed the recruitment in favour of their own countrymen, that is, persons sharing the same culture and connected by their kinship or caste (Heuzé, 1996; Kela, 2012; Parry & Strümpell, 2008).…”