The political role of date palm trees in the Jordan Valley: The transformation of Palestinian land and water tenure in agriculture made invisible by epistemic violence

Abstract

In the West Bank, date palm trees have been sweeping over the Jordan Valley at an accelerating rate since the 2000s. The current scientific literature has depicted this transformation as sustainable development. This article proposes a method to harness social sciences in a meaningful manner within the interdisciplinary study of agricultural transformation. Focusing on appropriation rather than bundles of rights, within an exploration of water and land tenure, allows uncovering actors and mechanisms that remain undetected by the current scientific discourse. Date palms transform both land and water tenure. As seasonal labor replaces sharecroppers that lived on site, the livelihoods, housing security, and food security of those practicing family farming are compromised. Geospatial analysis allows a triangulation of the results produced by qualitative methods. Mapping and quantifying the spatial progression of Israeli and Palestinian date palm trees between 1999 and 2016 allows assessing the number of sharecroppers displaced by date palm trees during that period. This demonstrates a Valley Clearance is now occurring, akin to the Highland Clearances that took place in 18th century Scotland. The present transformation of agriculture in the Jordan Valley has clear social and political impacts. Donors, the Palestinian Authority, and Palestinian date palm agribusinesses refer to the Palestinian water law within the perspective of a two state solution. The Israeli Water Authority and Israeli settlers further a network of wastewater reuse which stands as the only reliable source of water for date palm cultivation in the foreseeable future and contributes to the development of a one state solution. Meanwhile, Palestinians practicing family farming rely on legal pluralism to secure their access to water.

Agro-physiological traits as biological factors to optimize organic and inorganic amendments for date palm cultivation

“…This could be due to the plants' growth over time and improved absorption of mineral elements such as phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg) that are important for photosynthesis in the Compost and PS + Compost treatments compared to the PS and control treatments (Hosseini et al, 2019;Sitko et al, 2019;Begum et al, 2020;Tabbasum et al, 2021). The fluctuations can result from different climatic conditions during the experiment and the other leaf-stage growth of the plants (Abohatem et al, 2011;Ait-El-Mokhtar et al, 2019;Trottier et al, 2020).…”

The desert as laboratory: Science, state‐making, and empire in the drylands

“…A different kind of techno‐scientific intervention seen across history rather seeks to transform the desert into a blossoming paradise. Wreaking a different sort of havoc on natural systems, schemes to green the desert also represent a form of violence – albeit in ways that their proponents more easily deflect through harnessing the spectacle of transforming the ostensibly “barren” into something “productive” (Koch, 2015, 2019; Molle & Floch, 2008; Trottier et al, 2020). Indeed, as many scholars have shown, western expansion of the USA was underpinned by efforts to both map the territory and to “conquer” it by bringing it under cultivation (Akhter & Ormerod, 2015; Blackhawk, 2006; Burtner, 2012; Conrad, 2014; Curley, 2019; Evans, 2017; Frymer, 2017; Isenberg & Kessler, 2017; Isenberg et al, 2019; Knobloch, 1996; Meeks, 2007; Morrissey & Burtner, 2019; Sayre, 2017; Smith, 1950; Teisch, 2011; VanderMeer, 2010; Worster, 1985).…”

Moving water from last to first in the Middle East peace process

“…The same logic promotes large infrastructure to convey treated wastewater to the Jordan Valley mainly for intensive medjool date palm plantations. Such plantations produce an export crop that generates foreign currency, but they have detrimental effects both on the environment and on rural Palestinian society (Trottier et al, 2020), including depriving sharecroppers of water they have been using water sustainably for generations.…”