“…Second, our work relates to the burgeoning literature in economics and political science on economic and cultural determinants of the rise in populist vote reviewed by Guriev and Papaioannou (2020). Key economic drivers range from austerity measures (Fetzer, 2019), technological change (Anelli et al, 2021), exposure to international competition (Colantone and Stanig, 2018;Autor et al, 2020), immigration (Dustmann et al, 2019;Halla et al, 2017), globalization (Rodrik, 2018), unemployment and economic grievances (Algan et al, 2017;Dustmann et al, 2017) and associated economic insecurity (Guiso et al, 2020).…”