“…Of course, criminalisation has several dimensions; it can refer to criminalisation ‘on paper’ or ‘in practice’, as well as to the criminalisation of certain actions or groups (see Lacey and Zedner 2017). In these various senses, a wide range of more recent historical studies might contribute to criminological understandings of criminalisation, including research on fraud (Wilson 2014), embezzlement (Locker and Godfrey 2006), domestic violence (Rowbotham 2000; Wiener 2004, pp.170–239), homicide (Spierenburg 2008), drugs (Berridge 2013; Seddon 2010), sex work (Laite 2012; Self 2003), political activism (Channing 2015), juveniles (King 2006, pp.73–142; Shore 1999), the poor (Welshman 2013), and ethnic minorities (Swift 1997). This diverse corpus of research highlights that, in addition to class conflict, a wide range of other factors have contributed towards shifting understandings of crime through time, including changing gender relations, fluctuating constructions of ethnicity, dynamic campaigns of moral entrepreneurship, varying social mores, reforms to criminal law and criminal justice, and developments in scientific knowledge (to name but a few).…”