The Plant Polyester Cutin: Biosynthesis, Structure, and Biological Roles

Fich, Eric A.; Segerson, Nicholas A.; Rose, Jocelyn K. C.

doi:10.1146/annurev-arplant-043015-111929

Cited by 339 publications

(347 citation statements)

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“…Tomato represents an excellent model for studying cuticle formation in fleshy fruits as well as more broadly in plant taxa (Hen-Avivi et al, 2014;Martin and Rose, 2014;Fich et al, 2016). Studies of tomato cuticles span many different fields, ranging from the analysis of cuticle composition and architecture (Mintz-Oron et al, 2008;Buda et al, 2009;Yeats et al, 2012a;Philippe et al, 2016;Segado et al, 2016), biosynthetic pathways, assembly and regulation (Shi et al, 2013;Lashbrooke et al, 2015), interaction with other metabolic pathways and developmental processes (Kosma et al, 2010;Giménez et al, 2015), mechanical properties (Schreiber, 2010;España et al, 2014), as well as the significance of the cuticle for agronomically important traits such as fruit glossiness, postharvest shelf-life, fruit cracking, and resistance to pathogens Shi et al, 2013;Buxdorf et al, 2014;Petit et al, 2014).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Following their synthesis in the endoplasmic reticulum, cutin monomers are transported across the plasmalemma and polysaccharide cell wall to the hydrophobic cuticle layer. The monomers are then assembled into a network of linear and branched cutin polymers (Chatterjee et al, 2016;Philippe et al, 2016) by cutin synthases (Girard et al, 2012;Yeats et al, 2012b;Fich et al, 2016).…”

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The glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase GPAT6 from tomato plays a central role in fruit cutin biosynthesis

et al. 2016

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The thick cuticle covering and embedding the epidermal cells of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) fruit acts not only as a protective barrier against pathogens and water loss but also influences quality traits such as brightness and postharvest shelf-life. In a recent study, we screened a mutant collection of the miniature tomato cultivar Micro-Tom and isolated several glossy fruit mutants in which the abundance of cutin, the polyester component of the cuticle, was strongly reduced. We employed a newly developed mapping-by-sequencing strategy to identify the causal mutation underlying the cutin deficiency in a mutant thereafter named gpat6-a (for glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase6). To this end, a backcross population (BC 1 F 2 ) segregating for the glossy trait was phenotyped. Individuals displaying either a wild-type or a glossy fruit trait were then pooled into bulked populations and submitted to whole-genome sequencing prior to mutation frequency analysis. This revealed that the causal point mutation in the gpat6-a mutant introduces a charged amino acid adjacent to the active site of a GPAT6 enzyme. We further showed that this mutation completely abolished the GPAT activity of the recombinant protein. The gpat6-a mutant showed perturbed pollen formation but, unlike a gpat6 mutant of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), was not male sterile. The most striking phenotype was observed in the mutant fruit, where cuticle thickness, composition, and properties were altered. RNA sequencing analysis highlighted the main processes and pathways that were affected by the mutation at the transcriptional level, which included those associated with lipid, secondary metabolite, and cell wall biosynthesis.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase GPAT6 from tomato plays a central role in fruit cutin biosynthesis

et al. 2016

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“…Cutin is a polyester of C16 and C18 hydroxy fatty acids and glycerol, which in the cuticle is interspersed with and covered by waxes (53)(54)(55). Sporopollenin is another very complex lipid-based biopolymer derived mainly from saturated precursors such as long-chain fatty acids and long aliphatic chains.…”

Section: Ltps In Lipid Barrier Polymer Depositionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Plant lipid transfer proteins: are we finally closing in on the roles of these enigmatic proteins?

Edqvist

Blomqvist

Nieuwland

et al. 2018

Journal of Lipid Research

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The nonspecific lipid transfer proteins (LTPs) are small, compact proteins folded around a tunnel-like hydrophobic cavity, making them suitable for lipid binding and transport. LTPs are encoded by large gene families in all land plants, but they have not been identified in algae or any other organisms. Thus, LTPs are considered key proteins for plant survival on and colonization of land. LTPs are abundantly expressed in most plant tissues, both above and below ground. They are usually localized to extracellular spaces outside the plasma membrane. Although the in vivo functions of LTPs remain unclear, accumulating evidence suggests a role for LTPs in the transfer and deposition of monomers required for assembly of the water-proof lipid barriers-such as cutin and cuticular wax, suberin, and sporopolleninformed on many plant surfaces. Some LTPs may be involved in other processes, such as signaling during pathogen attacks. Here, we present the current status of LTP research with a focus on the role of these proteins in lipid barrier deposition and cell expansion. We suggest that LTPs facilitate extracellular transfer of barrier materials and adhesion between barriers and extracellular materials. A growing body of research may uncover the true role of LTPs in plants. Overview of plant non-specific lipid transfer proteinsThe plant non-specific lipid transfer proteins (LTPs) are abundant, secreted, soluble, cysteinerich and small proteins with a molecular size usually below 10 kDa (1, 2). In the LTPs four conserved disulfide bridges, formed by an eight-Cys motif (8CM) with the general form CXn-C-Xn-CC-Xn-CXC-Xn-C-Xn-C, stabilize the folding of four or five α-helices into a very compact 3D-structure (3, 4 and Fig. 1). The folding of the helices results in a central hydrophobic cleft suitable for the binding of hydrophobic ligands, such as fatty acids and other lipids (Fig. 2). The compact structure renders the LTPs very insensitive to heat and denaturing agents (5, 6). LTPs are expressed in all investigated land plants, but have not been detected in any other organisms (7). LTPs are encoded by large gene families in seed plants (2,(8)(9)(10)(11). In bryophytes and ferns the gene families are significantly smaller (7,12). LTPs are classified in five major types (LTP1, LTP2, LTPc, LTPd and LTPg) and four minor types (LTPe, LTPf, LTPh, LTPj and LTPk) (7). The classification is based on the spacing between the Cys residues in the 8CM, the polypeptide sequence identity and the position of evolutionary conserved introns. The classification also reflects post-translational modifications, e.g. LTPs with a GPI-anchor belong to LTPg. LTPd and LTPg are encoded in all land plants which suggests that these were possibly the first LTP types that evolved in land plants. The most well-studied LTP types in flowering plants LTP1 and LTP2 probably evolved later since these are not found in liverworts, mosses or other non-seed plants (7). The LTPs are translated with an N-terminal signal peptide that has a potential to localize th...

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“…It prevents plants from being exposed to excessive UV radiation by limiting the plant's non-stomatal water loss; it affects the plant-insect and plant-pathogen interactions; it also works with plant self-cleaning , waterproof function is closely related [1]. In plant growth and development, plant epidermal wax directly affects plant epidermal morphogenesis, especially the development of specialized cells; plant epidermal wax can ensure the normal demarcation of plant organs and prevent plant organ fusion; plant waxy layer can affect pollen grains surface structure and the structure of the oil-bearing layer, controlling the hydration of pollen, thereby affecting plant fertility [2].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Expression and Sequence Analysis of CYP86B1 in Blackberry (Rubus Spp.)

Liu¹,

Jiang²,

Wang³

et al. 2018

Proceedings of the 2018 International Workshop on Bioinformatics, Biochemistry, Biomedical Sciences (BBBS 2018)

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Abstract.To understand the molecular mechanisms of cuticle wax formation in blackberry, the waxy synthetic related gene CYP86B1 was cloned from blackberry. The open reading frame of this gene was 1692 bp, encoding 563 amino acid residues with a molecular weight of 64.5 kD and a theoretical isoelectric point of 7.31. Its amino acid sequence has the highest identity with strawberry. Real-time PCR results showed that the expression of CYP86B1 gene was significantly decreased with the accompanied by fruit ripening.

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The Plant Polyester Cutin: Biosynthesis, Structure, and Biological Roles

Cited by 339 publications

References 138 publications

The glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase GPAT6 from tomato plays a central role in fruit cutin biosynthesis

The glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase GPAT6 from tomato plays a central role in fruit cutin biosynthesis

Plant lipid transfer proteins: are we finally closing in on the roles of these enigmatic proteins?

Expression and Sequence Analysis of CYP86B1 in Blackberry (Rubus Spp.)

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