The Plant Cell Wall as a Barrier to Fungal Invasion

Cell wall synthesis in cotton roots after infection with Fusarium oxysporum

“…The most striking result was the high density of (1 --, 3)-13-D-glucan epitopes detected in the wall apposition. Deposition of callose is a typical wound response of plants (Aist and Bushnell 1991;Smart 1991). Using antibodies, it has been detected around the penetration site of the ring nematode Cricomella xenoplax in the root cortex (Hussey et al 1992), in contact cells surrounding vessels of tomato and cotton infected with Fusarium oxysporum (Mueller et al 1994), and in plant leaves around the penetration site of Uromyces vicia-fabae (Xu and Mendgen 1994).…”

“…Formation of wall appositions, called papillae, constitutes a typical response of plant cells after wounding (Russo and Bushnell 1989;Hombl6 and Foissner 1993) or fungal infection (Aist and Bushnell 1991;Smart 1991). The structure of wall appositions can vary considerably.…”

“…Hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins (HRGPs) are added to the apposition (Esquerr~-Tugay6 et al 1979). Other constituents of wall appositions can be lignin (Sherwood and Vance 1982), pectin (Smart 1991) and antimicrobial wall proteins (Bohlmann and Apel 1991). A comparison of appositional wall material with the molecules typically found in the cell plate during cell wall synthesis is missing.…”

Plant defense-related enzymes against pathogens: a review

“…participate in the decomposition of glucans like callose which occurs in plant tissues as one of the components of wall modifications involved in resistance responses (Smart, 1991). Even though antifungal β-glucanase I appear to be tailored for defense against fungi, other studies of β-glucanase Ideficient mutants generated by antisense transformation suggest that these enzymes also play a vital role in viral pathogenesis (Beffa et al, 1996).…”

Use of Molecular Cytology to Study the Structure and Biology of Phytopathogenic and Mycorrhizal Fungi

“…Other immunocytochemical studies have shown the presence of plant-derived molecules in the extracellular material, including hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins (Hippe-Sanwald et al, 1994), tomato PR-1b, unesterified pectin, and arabinogalactan proteins (J. P. Wubben, cited in Wubben et al, 1994). In addition, interfacial material between hyphae of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus versiforme and the host plasma membrane has been shown to contain a number of polymers typical of plant cell walls, including cellulose, pectin, hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins, and rhamnogalacturonan I (Bonfante-Fasolo et al, 1990b, 1991Balestrini et al, 1994Balestrini et al, , 1996. Indeed in this system, the composition of the interfacial material correlated with that of the cell wall of the specific cell type infected in a number of plants (Balestrini et al, 1996), although the components were not associated into a functional cell wall (Bonfante-Fasolo et al, 1990b).…”