The pituitary-adrenal response to “minimized” schedule-induced drinking

Brett, Linda P.; Levine, Seymour

doi:10.1016/0031-9384(81)90003-2

Cited by 52 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…WKY has been proposed as a model of anxiety vulnerability, post traumatic-stress and depression (Solberg et al, 2001; Will et al, 2003), and there are theories of SIP that rely on its role as a coping strategy to mitigate the aversive conditions imposed by the intermittent presentation of food (e.g., Brett & Levine, 1981, observed reduced corticosterone levels as SIP training progressed). If SIP functions as an anti-anxiety behaviour, more licking should be expected in WKY than in the rest of rats.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A microstructural analysis of schedule-induced polydipsia reveals incentive-induced hyperactivity in an animal model of ADHD

Íbias

Pellón

Sanabria

2015

Behavioural Brain Research

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Recent research has suggested that frequent short bursts of activity characterize hyperactivity associated with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). This study determined whether such pattern is also visible in schedule-induced polydipsia (SIP) in the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR), an animal model of ADHD. Male SHR, Wistar Kyoto (WKY) and Wistar rats were exposed to 40 sessions of SIP using a multiple fixed-time (FT) schedule of food delivery with FT 30-s and FT 90-s components. Stable performance was analysed to determine the extent to which SIP-associated drinking is organized in bouts. The Bi-Exponential Refractory Model (BERM) of free-operant performance was applied to schedule-induced licks. A model comparison analysis supported BERM as a description of SIP episodes: licks were not produced at a constant rate but organized into bouts within drinking episodes. FT 30-s induced similar overall licking rates, latencies to first licks and episode durations across strains; FT 90-s induced longer episode durations in SHRs and reduced licking rate in WKY and Wistar rats to nearly baseline levels. Across schedules, SHRs made more and shorter bouts when compared to the other strains. These results suggest an incentive-induced hyperactivity in SHR that has been observed in operant behavior and in children with ADHD.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A microstructural analysis of schedule-induced polydipsia reveals incentive-induced hyperactivity in an animal model of ADHD

Íbias

Pellón

Sanabria

2015

Behavioural Brain Research

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“…For example, in rats it is well established that the schedule conditions that induce adjunctive behaviors also activate the HPA axis (Brett and Levine, 1979, 1981; Dantzer et al, 1988; Dantzer and Mormede, 1981; Lopez-Grancha, et al, 2006; Mittleman et al, 1988; Tazi et al, 1986). The increase in HPA activity is thought to reflect an enhanced arousal and vigilance as well as “conflict” in motivational forces upon behavior that are associated with obtaining intermittent reinforcement (Dantzer and Mormede, 1981; Falk, 1971, 1977).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The relationship between adjunctive drinking, blood ethanol concentration and plasma corticosterone across fixed-time intervals of food delivery in two inbred mouse strains

Ford

Steele

McCracken

et al. 2013

Psychoneuroendocrinology

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Summary Schedules of intermittent food delivery induce excessive fluid intake, termed schedule-induced polydipsia (SIP), and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activation is important for the expression and maintenance of this adjunctive behavior. Previous work has focused of examining the relationship between water intake and plasma corticosterone (CORT) in rats at a single or a limited range of fixed time (FT) intervals. However, little remains known regarding SIP and the corresponding stress response 1) across the bitonic function that epitomizes adjunctive behavior, 2) when ethanol is the available fluid, and 3) when a species other than rat or multiple strains are studied. Here we report the findings from ethanol-preferring C57BL/6J (B6) and non-preferring DBA/2J (D2) mice serially exposed to progressively larger FT intervals (0 → 60 min) and given access to either water or a 5% v/v ethanol solution. Following 2 weeks of experience with each schedule, blood samples were collected at the conclusion of the last 60-min session to evaluate CORT and the blood ethanol concentration (BEC) achieved. While both strains exhibited a bitonic function of ethanol intake and BEC that peaked at or near a 5-min interval, only D2 mice showed a similar response with water. In contrast, CORT levels rose monotonically with incremental increases in the FT interval regardless of the strain examined or fluid type offered, indicating that glucocorticoid release likely reflects the aversive aspects of increasing intervals between reinforcement rather than engagement in adjunctive behavior. These findings also caution against the use of a single intensity stressor to evaluate the relationship between stress and ethanol intake, as the magnitude of stress appears to affect ethanol consumption in a non-linear fashion.

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“…Alternatively, the increase in mediating behaviours could be regarded as an ‘adjunctive’ form of behaviour to cope with, or relieve, hypothetically heightened anxiety experienced by the rats while waiting, as also observed in schedule-induced polydipsia (Brett and Levine 1979, 1981). However, this interpretation of effects of IR also appears unlikely, as a previous study has shown that IR rats are not in general more prone to exhibit more adjunctive behaviours.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

‘Waiting impulsivity’ in isolation-reared and socially-reared rats: effects of amphetamine

2017

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BackgroundRats reared in social isolation exhibit various cognitive and behavioural abnormalities in adulthood. However, impulsivity following this treatment still remains unclear, especially in response to medications used in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, such as amphetamine.MethodsUsing an isolation-rearing (IR) manipulation, the present study examined the effects of IR on impulsive action and impulsive choice when also treated with doses of d-amphetamine, by employing the five-choice serial reaction time task (5-CSRTT) and a temporal discounting of reward task (TDRT), respectively.ResultsIR rats showed similar acquisition of the 5-CSRTT. Amphetamine increased premature responding in both groups; however, IR rats showed less responding overall. For the TDRT, IR rats revealed a greater preference for the large but delayed reward during task acquisition (i.e. were less impulsive) with a higher rate of nose poking during the delay, and exhibited a compressed dose-response function (i.e. reduced dose sensitivity) for amphetamine.DiscussionImpulsive action and impulsive choice were reduced in IR rats under certain conditions, and a blunted response to d-amphetamine was found on these measures. These reductions in impulsivity contrast with locomotor hyperactivity normally shown in IR rats and the findings have implications for the utility of IR as a model of psychopathology.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s00213-017-4579-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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The pituitary-adrenal response to “minimized” schedule-induced drinking

Cited by 52 publications

References 18 publications

A microstructural analysis of schedule-induced polydipsia reveals incentive-induced hyperactivity in an animal model of ADHD

A microstructural analysis of schedule-induced polydipsia reveals incentive-induced hyperactivity in an animal model of ADHD

The relationship between adjunctive drinking, blood ethanol concentration and plasma corticosterone across fixed-time intervals of food delivery in two inbred mouse strains

‘Waiting impulsivity’ in isolation-reared and socially-reared rats: effects of amphetamine

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