A microstructural analysis of schedule-induced polydipsia reveals incentive-induced hyperactivity in an animal model of ADHD

Íbias, Javier; Pellón, Ricardo; Sanabria, Federico

doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2014.10.022

Cited by 13 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 36 publications

(45 reference statements)

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“…This discrepancy between the number of licks and water intake has been documented previously and analyzed in terms of drinking efficiency 16. SHR rats were shown by Íbias et al23 to have an increased frequency of licking, without differences in the duration of the episodes or intensity of licking, compared with WIST and WKY rats. The greater total number of licks and water intake observed in WIST rats can be explained by the fact that this strain was the only one to show both a high frequency and high intensity of licking, whereas LE, RHA and RLA rats did not show differences in traditional variables, instead showing different specific patterns of licking.…”

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confidence: 69%

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Excessive habit formation in schedule‐induced polydipsia: Microstructural analysis of licking among rat strains and involvement of the orbitofrontal cortex

Merchán

Mora

Gago

et al. 2018

Genes Brain and Behavior

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Schedule-induced polydipsia (SIP) is an animal model of compulsive drinking that selects for individual differences and varies across rat strains. The aim of this study was to investigate excessive habit formation by analyzing the SIP licking microstructure among rat strains, and to compare the brain areas activated by SIP in different populations. Wistar, Long Evans and Roman High- and Low-Avoidance rat strains were compared using a cluster analysis of 2 main variables, that is, frequency of licking (percentage of interpellet intervals with drinking episodes) and intensity of licking (mean number of licks per interpellet interval), and were found to exhibit high intensity and frequent licking (compulsive drinkers, CD), low intensity but frequent licking (habitual drinkers, HD), and low intensity and low-frequency licking (low drinkers, LD). The Wistar strain showed a higher frequency and intensity of licking, and had the largest group of CD rats when compared with the other strains. Regarding the acquisition of SIP, CD rats showed a higher intensity of licking when compared with the HD and LD rats. Moreover, c-Fos quantification revealed that rats in the CD group showed hyperactivity in the lateral orbitofrontal cortex and basolateral amygdala when compared with the LD group. Analyzing the SIP microstructure could be a valuable tool for understanding the role of excessive habit formation in the development of compulsive drinking and its underpinning neurobiological mechanisms.

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confidence: 69%

“…23 However, CD rats presented a higher number of drinking episodes that could be due to the increase of intensity of licking. We also analyzed c-Fos neuronal activity in different brain areas related to compulsive behavior among these clusters.…”

Section: Experiments 1: Strain-dependent Sip and Phenotype Differencmentioning

confidence: 94%

Excessive habit formation in schedule‐induced polydipsia: Microstructural analysis of licking among rat strains and involvement of the orbitofrontal cortex

Merchán

Mora

Gago

et al. 2018

Genes Brain and Behavior

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“…Similarities between adjunctive drinking and operant behavior have been emphasized before (Íbias, Pellón, & Sanabria, 2015;Pellón, 2004). These similarities are related to acquisition, levels of motivation, reinforceability, temporal control, and sensitivity to contingent reinforcement and are summarized below (for a more detailed review and theoretical consideration, see Killeen & Pellón, 2013).…”

Section: Characterization Of Schedule-induced Drinking As An Operant mentioning

confidence: 83%

Reinforcement of schedule-induced drinking in rats by lick-contingent shortening of food delivery

2016

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Schedule-induced drinking has been a theoretical question of concern ever since it was first described more than 50 years ago. It has been classified as adjunctive behavior; that is, behavior that is induced by an incentive but not reinforced by it. Nevertheless, some authors have argued against this view, claiming that adjunctive drinking is actually a type of operant behavior. If this were true, schedule-induced drinking should be controlled by its consequences, which is the major definition of an operant. The present study tested this hypothesis. In a first experimental phase, a single pellet of food was delivered at regular 90-s intervals, but the interfood interval could be shortened depending on the rat's licking. The degree of contingency between licking the bottle spout and hastening the delivery of the food pellet was 100 %, 50 %, and 0 % for 3 separate groups of animals. Rats that could shorten the interval (100 % and 50 % contingency) drank at a higher rate than those that could not (0 %), and the level of acquisition was positively related to the degree of contingency. In a second phase of the experiment, all groups were exposed to a 100 % contingency, which resulted in all rats developing high levels of schedule-induced drinking. Licking is enhanced if it hastens reinforcement, and can do so at delay characteristics of those present in studies of schedule-induced drinking, thus supporting the view that adjunctive behavior is an operant.Keywords Schedule-induced drinking . Adjunctive vs. operant behavior . Lick-food contingency . Rats Schedule-induced drinking was first described by Falk when he was running an experiment with food-deprived rats on bar pressing under a variable-interval 1-minute food reinforcement schedule in which the animals had continuous access to a bottle of water (Falk, 1961). He observed that rats, despite not being water deprived, consumed large quantities of water (polydipsia) by following the regular pattern of accumulating small quantities after the delivery of each food pellet. As deprivation of food normally leads to a decrease in water intake (e.g., Bolles, 1961), and drinking was not explicitly reinforced, this excessive consumption of water was described by Falk as Babsurd^ (Falk, 1971, p. 577). The main characteristics of schedule-induced drinking are therefore that (a) it takes place after the food pellet has been delivered and (b) in an exaggerated manner. This large consumption of water occurs under an intermittent food schedule and with no apparent reason, as it does not appear to be reinforced during training. Characterization of schedule-induced drinking as an adjunctive behaviorOne of the approaches to explain schedule-induced drinking is to consider this as a phenomenon belonging to a separate category of behavior: adjunctive (Falk, 1971; see a critical analysis by Wetherington, 1982). According to this point of view, adjunctive drinking is induced by the delivery of periodic food but is not reinforced by it (see Baum, 2012, for a recent treatment of ...

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“…Following previous research (Brackney et al, 2011;Cabrera, Sanabria, Jiménez, & Covarrubias, 2013;Conover, Fulton, & Shizgal, 2001;Gibbon, 1995;Hill, Herbst, & Sanabria 2012;Íbias, Pellón, &, Sanabria, 2015), it is assumed that Z It is the sum of two shifted exponentially distributed random variables, with scale parameters c It and k It , where k It ≥ c It , shift parameter δ I > 0, and mixture weights 1 -q It and q It ,…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interval timing under a behavioral microscope: Dissociating motivational and timing processes in fixed-interval performance

Daniels

Sanabria

2016

Learn Behav

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The distribution of latencies and interresponse times (IRTs) of rats was compared between two fixedinterval (FI) schedules of food reinforcement (FI 30 s and FI 90 s), and between two levels of food deprivation. Computational modeling revealed that latencies and IRTs were well described by mixture probability distributions embodying two-state Markov chains. Analysis of these models revealed that only a subset of latencies is sensitive to the periodicity of reinforcement, and prefeeding only reduces the size of this subset. The distribution of IRTs suggests that behavior in FI schedules is organized in bouts that lengthen and ramp up in frequency with proximity to reinforcement. Prefeeding slowed down the lengthening of bouts and increased the time between bouts. When concatenated, latency and IRT models adequately reproduced sigmoidal FI response functions. These findings suggest that behavior in FI schedules fluctuates in and out of schedule control; an account of such fluctuation suggests that timing and motivation are dissociable components of FI performance. These mixturedistribution models also provide novel insights on the motivational, associative, and timing processes expressed in FI performance. These processes may be obscured, however, when performance in timing tasks is analyzed in terms of mean response rates.

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A microstructural analysis of schedule-induced polydipsia reveals incentive-induced hyperactivity in an animal model of ADHD

Cited by 13 publications

References 36 publications

Excessive habit formation in schedule‐induced polydipsia: Microstructural analysis of licking among rat strains and involvement of the orbitofrontal cortex

Excessive habit formation in schedule‐induced polydipsia: Microstructural analysis of licking among rat strains and involvement of the orbitofrontal cortex

Reinforcement of schedule-induced drinking in rats by lick-contingent shortening of food delivery

Interval timing under a behavioral microscope: Dissociating motivational and timing processes in fixed-interval performance

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