“…However, concerns have been raised about the global performativity culture and the dangers of ranking and labelling countries and students (and especially migrants), according to international testing such as PISA and TIMMS (Sjøberg, 2019). Through the globalisation mechanism of international testing and benchmarking, and thus standardisation, neo-liberalism has introduced reform trends to education deriving from the corporate sector such as competition, consumer choice, privatisation, marketoriented management, and decentralisation (Verger et al, 2012).…”