The pipeline flow of capsules: Part 7 ‐ an experimental investigation of the transport by two oils of single cylindrical and spherical capsules with density equal to that of the oil

Ellis, Howard S.; Bolt, L. H.

doi:10.1002/cjce.5450420504

Cited by 19 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…During studies of the flow of two immiscible liquids of the same density in transparent pipes, it ,vas observed that slugs of one liquid were carried by the other liqUid (9). The possibility of replacing the slugs of liquid by solid or semi-solid capsules of the same shape became evident at that time, and theoretical and experimental work on this concept has continued at the Research Council's laboratories (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8).…”

Section: Test Capsulementioning

confidence: 95%

A Practical Protection of Edmonton-Hardisty Capsule Pipelining: Trunkline Test

Hodgson

Kruyer

Roehl

et al. 1967

Journal of Canadian Petroleum Technology

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The first trunkline test of capsule pipeline flow was carried out jointly from March 10 to 12, 1965, by the Research Council of Alberta and the Interprovincial Pipe Line Company. The Interprovincial system runs from Edmonton to Toronto, and the test was run in the 109-mile section of the 20-in.-O.D. No. 1 line from Edmonton to Hardisty. The capsule, which was 16 ins. in diameter and about 50 ins. long, consisted of a steel shell filled with crude oil and weighed 514 lbs. The velocity of the capsule was determined from timing observations at fifty-two points along the line. The capsule velocity averaged 2.88 ft/sec (1.95 mph) over the undulating country; the average oil velocity was 4.08 ft/sec (2.52 to 3.11 mph). The ratio of capsule to oil velocity generally varied from 0.62 to 0.85, and was dependent both on the gradient of the line and on the oil velocity, the effect of the latter being more pronounced. The flow characteristics of the large-scale capsule are compatible with those found in the extensive laboratory investigations and confirm the belief that capsule pipelining merits comprehensive technological research and development.

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Section: Test Capsulementioning

confidence: 95%

A Practical Protection of Edmonton-Hardisty Capsule Pipelining: Trunkline Test

Hodgson

Kruyer

Roehl

et al. 1967

Journal of Canadian Petroleum Technology

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“…Figure B sho,..'s the effect on the capsule velocit;J.T of varying the pipe Reynolds number from 100 to 20,000, the capsules being 7-in. cylinders with flat ends and of the same density as tbe liquid (20). Curves for three capsule-diameter to pipe-diameter ratios are presented here to indicate the effect of varying diameter ratios.…”

Section: Velocitiesmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…accepted as representing laminar flow of a liquid in a pipe, the subsequent falling and re-, covery in the transitional region between laminar and turbulent flow, and the instability at Reynolds num-· bers of about 10,000 have been discussed by Ellis' (20). It was suggested tbat there appears to be a series of Re)·nolds numbers at which changes occur in the turbulence of the free stream and which are made manifest by critical regions in the velocity-ratio, Reynolds-number curves of equal-density capsules_ With water at Reynolds numbers between 20,000 and 120,000, a region not shown by tbe Figure, the velocity-ratio curves fan off linearly with the Reynolds number, the negative slope increasing regularly with decrease of capsule diameter, and no further instability is encountered (16).…”

Section: Experimental Apparatus and Pnoceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Use of Capsules for Solids Transmission in Pipelines

Kruyer

Ellis

1965

Journal of Canadian Petroleum Technology

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Investigations are being carried out at the Research Council of Alberta intothe possibility of using long-distance pipelines to move commodities in theform of long trains of cylinders or spheres. One of the most interestingdiscoveries of the laboratory investigations of this type of transport is thatthese forms, called capsules, with diameters close to that of the inside of thepipe, nearly always move faster than the average liquid velocity in the pipe.The reason for this is that the capsules occupy a region in the pipe where theliquid velocities are higher than the average liquid velocity. The density ofthe capsules has surprisingly little effect on their velocity relative to theliquid. The added pressure gradient in a pipeline due to the presence of acapsule train is proportional to the volumetric concentration of the capsulesand increases with capsule density, but does not increase or decreaseappreciably with liquid velocity. One important advantage that capsuletransport has over slurry transport is that pumping power is generally lower -except for slurries with very small particle sizes. Theoretical studies havebeen made, and numerical analyses have been used to predict the behaviour ofcapsules transported by a liquid in a pipeline. The experimental results thusfar have been obtained with laboratory-scale pipelines. Scaleup experiments arein progress to enable predictions to be made about the performance of capsulesin commercial lines. Introduction Pipelines have been used for several decades to move liquids over longdistances. The low cost of long-distance transport of liquids and gases bypipeline, which approaches that of surface transport by water, has in recentyears accounted for the construction of a large number of slurry pipelines in Europe and the Americas - ref. (1) to (9) - conveying a great variety ofdifferent materials. Further development of solids pipelining is foreseen, particularly in the United States and Canada, where railway freight rates oftenfar exceed production costs and tend to exclude western producers from nationalas well as international markets (2).

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“…Research carried out in the area of hydraulic capsule pipelining has been mostly focused on monitoring the parameters of capsule motion for various types of capsules in horizontal pipelines (Ellis 1964a, b;Ellis and Bolt 1964;Round and Bolt 1965;Ellis and Kruyer 1974;Ellis, Kruyer, and Roehl 1975;Vlasak 1999). Information about capsules behavior in horizontal bend and straight inclined sections of pipe is limited.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Diameter Ratio on Loss Coefficient of Elbows in the Flow of Low-Density Spherical Capsule Trains

Ulusarslan

2010

Particulate Science and Technology

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Design parameters of pipelines for capsule flow (i.e., power of pumps, number of pumps, diameters of capsules, diameter of pipe, etc.) can be calculated if pressure drops of such pipelines are estimated. All major and minor losses that incur at various levels depending on the diameter and type of pipeline selected for hydraulic transportation of capsule trains must be compensated for by the pump. For this purpose, the effect of the different diameter ratios (0.8 and 0.72) on the loss coefficient of elbows (at angles of 90 ) in the flow of low-density spherical capsule train was studied experimentally. Relative density of the capsules was 0.87 and their pressure drops were measured at a range of 1.2 Â 10 4 < Re < 1.5 Â 10 5 and for transportation concentrations from 5 to 15%. Results of this experiment indicate that the higher the concentration, the higher the loss coefficient of the elbow. The increment of the elbow loss coefficient is nearly negligible with increasing the bulk velocity for capsule concentrations up to 10%, but is significantly influenced by the capsule concentration. The effect of the different diameter ratios on the loss coefficient of the elbow is negligible for low capsule concentration.

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The pipeline flow of capsules: Part 7 ‐ an experimental investigation of the transport by two oils of single cylindrical and spherical capsules with density equal to that of the oil

Cited by 19 publications

References 9 publications

A Practical Protection of Edmonton-Hardisty Capsule Pipelining: Trunkline Test

A Practical Protection of Edmonton-Hardisty Capsule Pipelining: Trunkline Test

The Use of Capsules for Solids Transmission in Pipelines

Effect of Diameter Ratio on Loss Coefficient of Elbows in the Flow of Low-Density Spherical Capsule Trains

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