The pioneer work of Bernard Kübler and Martin Frey in very low-grade metamorphic terranes: paleo-geothermal potential of variation in Kübler-Index/organic matter reflectance correlations. A review

Mählmann, Rafael Ferreiro; Bozkaya, Ömer; Potel, Sébastien; Bayon, Ronan Le; Šegvić, Branimir; Nieto, Fernando

doi:10.1007/s00015-012-0115-3

Cited by 51 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 129 publications

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“…The illite crystallinity, or KI value, was used to determine the metamorphic grade by measuring the full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the illite (001) peak at 10 Å in Δ°2Ɵ (Kübler, 1964(Kübler, , 1967. The illite crystallinity is a function of the crystallite thickness, the amount of crystal defects, and the peak interference with illite-smectite interlayering (Merriman et al, 1990;Ferreiro Mählmann et al, 2012). Limits between fields of diagenesis, the anchizone and epizone, are given by 0.42 Δ°2Ɵ and 0.25 Δ°2Ɵ, respectively (Kübler, 1967).…”

Section: X-ray Diffraction Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

Timing and thermal evolution of fold-and-thrust belt formation in the Ultima Esperanza District, 51°S Chile: Constraints from K-Ar dating and illite characterization

et al. 2017

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K-Ar dating on synkinematically formed illite in low-grade metamorphic pelites was used to set new time constraints on the development of the Patagonian retroarc fold-andthrust belt caused by the subduction of the Antarctic plate beneath the South American plate. The combined use of illite crystallinity (Kübler index), polytype quantification, and K-Ar dating of illite fractions (<0.2, <2, and 2-6 μm) is a powerful tool in constraining the missing time gap between the emergent foldand-thrust belt formation and early Miocene uplift of the Magallanes Basin. Four distinct periods of illite growth were identified based on their K-Ar ages and degree of regional metamorphism: (1) early Cenomanian (98 Ma) illite crystallization, (2) widespread early Campanian (ca. 80 Ma) long-lasting burial illitization processes under anchizonal metamorphic conditions, (3) a significant period of illite formation in the early Paleocene (ca. 60 Ma), and (4) a late stage of illite growth in the early Eocene (55-46 Ma) under epizonal conditions. Based on K-Ar fine fraction ages and Kübler index values, we propose to subdivide the internal domain along the Río Nutria and Río Rincon thrust into a thrust zone with maximum rock uplift in the west and a foreland-vergent imbricate thrust zone in the east. The earliest indication for the emergent fold-and-thrust belt formation in the hinterland is documented in a metapelitic clast (sample 14-9, <2 μm) within the Upper Cretaceous Cerro Toro conglomerate, which yielded a K-Ar cooling age of 98.3 ± 1.2 Ma and an epizonal Kübler index value of 0.24 Δ°2Ɵ. After a certain period of geological quiescence, an interval of major thrusting and rock uplift occurred between ca. 60 and 46 Ma. The west-dipping Río Nutria and Río Rincon thrusts record the onset of fold-andthrust belt activity, which can be placed close to 60 Ma. In the western part of the internal domain, thrusts remained active, and associated structural uplift is recorded until 46 Ma by K-Ar illite cooling ages. Flexural subsidence driven by thrust sheet loading in the internal domain was responsible for the eastward migration of the foreland depocenter and a rapid increase in sedimentation rate along the monoclinal belt. Our results prove a synchronous onset of thickskinned thrusting between 49°S and 55°S and suggest constant convergence rates of the Patagonian arc against the adjacent South American continental margin. Time-averaged exhumation rates along the Río Rincon anticline (54.6-22 Ma) and along the Río Nutria thrust (46.5-22 Ma) suggest rather low exhumation rates of 1.6-1.2 mm/yr (maximum). The low exhumation rates link back to constantly low subduction rates, resulting in a period of geological quiescence between 46.5 and 22 Ma.

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Section: X-ray Diffraction Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

Timing and thermal evolution of fold-and-thrust belt formation in the Ultima Esperanza District, 51°S Chile: Constraints from K-Ar dating and illite characterization

et al. 2017

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“…Such mineralogical and geochemical changes are, in many cases, encountered in clay-rich sediments during burial diagenesis/metamorphism, as has been well documented in studies over the past 40 years (e.g. Hower et al, 1976;Velde et al, 1986;Schroeder, 1992;Merriman & Frey, 1999;Merriman & Peacor, 1999;Abid et al, 2004;Bozkaya & Yalçın, 2005, 2010Ferreiro-Mählmann et al, 2012). In addition to authigenic occurrences and diagenetic transformations of clays, retrograde reactions might also take place in very high-temperature detrital igneous and metamorphic micas and chlorites to form low-grade metaclastic rocks (Nieto et al, 1994(Nieto et al, , 2005Zhao et al, 1999;Abad et al, 2003;Vázquez et al, 2007;Árkai et al, 2012).…”

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confidence: 72%

Two-step mode of clay formation in the extensional basins: Cambrian–Ordovician clastic rocks of the Antalya unit, SW Turkey

2017

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Ordovician clastic rocks of the Antalya unit in SW Turkey bear mineralogical/geochemical evidence of Triassic extensional rift timing and spatial relations. The crystal chemistry of the phyllosilicate assemblages (illite, chlorite, kaolinite, mixed-layer illite-smectite, chlorite-vermiculite and chlorite-smectite) is consistent with the rock experiencing a multi-generational burial history. The appearance of kaolinite and illite-smectite-bearing rocks in the Antalya unit is characteristic of diagenetic-anchimetamorphic conditions and is of higher grade than their anchi-epizonal equivalents in other regions of the Tauride belt. Illites and chlorites are of both detrital and authigenic origin, whereas I-S and kaolinites are authigenic. Detrital micas have been altered to chlorite and K-white mica stacks in which relicts suggest the chlorites were derived from detrital biotites. The broad X-ray diffraction illite peaks show that they are composed both of illite and illite-smectite. Na,K-mica and paragonite occur within the chlorite-mica stacks as replacements of muscovite, probably driven by Na-rich solutions. The authigenic clays were formed within the microporous matrix and the interplanar spaces of {001} planes of chlorite-mica stacks, with textures independent of the bedding and foliation planes of the rocks. The authigenic chlorites exhibit higher Si and Fe and lower Mg contents than their detrital counterparts. Authigenic chlorite thermometry indicates rift-related temperatures of 50–150°C, whereas pre-rift detrital chlorites formed at temperatures of >200°C. Authigenic illite and illite-smectite are phengitic in composition and contain more Si, Mg, Fe and Ca and less Al and K than detrital K-white micas. The textural, mineralogical and chemical characteristics support the hypothesis that the mineral assemblages were a result of a two-step mode of formation with diagenetic overprints of previously anchizonal rocks in extensional basin conditions.

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“…In addition, a positive correlation is observed between clay mineral paragenesis, calculated temperature and KI values. Furthermore, the correlation between KI and VR should be negative (see Ferreiro Mählmann et al , 2012, and references therein). Here, the positive slope is the opposite of the relation proposed by Ferreiro Mählmann et al (2012) and Ferreiro Mählmann & Le Bayon (2016) depending on the P–T–t–D (pressure–temperature–time–deformation) history and fluid activity.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Illite and chlorite ‘crystallinities’ are considered to be functions of crystallite thickness, the number of lattice defects (Merriman et al , 1990) and the peak interference, if any, with discrete smectite or illite-smectite mixed-layer compositions (Ferreiro Mählmann et al , 2012). Temperature is thought to be the main factor controlling IC, but other parameters such as lithology, time, tectonic stress and fluid:rock ratio probably have important effects (see Frey, 1987; Árkai et al , 2002, Mullis et al , 2017).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, studies involving chlorite and illite ‘crystallinities’ have shown various evolution pathways as a function of the cation activity of essential cations such as K + , Mg 2+ and Fe 2+ in pore fluids (Warr & Cox, 2016). A multi-method investigation of clay minerals and organic matter, combined with maturity modelling where possible, is recommended for determining the pressure- and temperature-dependent alteration histories of faults within tectonically active basins (Allen & Allen, 2005; Ferreiro Mählmann et al , 2012). In this study, temperatures obtained with the chlorite geothermometer are compared to those obtained with organic-matter reflectance.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Low-grade evolution of clay minerals and organic matter in fault zones of the Hikurangi prism (New Zealand)

et al. 2018

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Clay minerals and organic matter occur frequently in fault zones. Their structural characteristics and their textural evolution are driven by several formation processes: (1) reaction by metasomatism from circulating fluids; (2)in situevolution by diagenesis; and (3) neoformation due to deformation catalysis. Clay-mineral chemistry and precipitated solid organic matter may be used as indicators of fluid circulation in fault zones and to determine the maximum temperatures in these zones. In the present study, clay-mineral and organic-matter analyses of two major fault zones – the Adams-Tinui and Whakataki faults, Wairarapa, North Island, New Zealand – were investigated. The two faults analysed correspond to the soles of large imbricated thrust sheets formed during the onset of subduction beneath the North Island of New Zealand. The mineralogy of both fault zones is composed mainly of quartz, feldspars, calcite, chabazite and clay minerals such as illite-muscovite, kaolinite, chlorite and mixed-layer minerals such as chlorite-smectite and illite-smectite. The diagenesis and very-low-grade metamorphism of the sedimentary rock is determined by gradual changes of clay mineral ‘crystallinity’ (illite, chlorite, kaolinite), the use of a chlorite geothermometer and the reflectance of organic matter. It is concluded here that: (1) the established thermal grade is diagenesis; (2) tectonic strains affect the clay mineral ‘crystallinity’ in the fault zone; (3) there is a strong correlation between temperature determined by chlorite geothermometry and organic-matter reflectance; and (4) the duration and depth of burial as well as the pore-fluid chemistry are important factors affecting clay-mineral formation.

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The pioneer work of Bernard Kübler and Martin Frey in very low-grade metamorphic terranes: paleo-geothermal potential of variation in Kübler-Index/organic matter reflectance correlations. A review

Cited by 51 publications

References 129 publications

Timing and thermal evolution of fold-and-thrust belt formation in the Ultima Esperanza District, 51°S Chile: Constraints from K-Ar dating and illite characterization

Timing and thermal evolution of fold-and-thrust belt formation in the Ultima Esperanza District, 51°S Chile: Constraints from K-Ar dating and illite characterization

Two-step mode of clay formation in the extensional basins: Cambrian–Ordovician clastic rocks of the Antalya unit, SW Turkey

Low-grade evolution of clay minerals and organic matter in fault zones of the Hikurangi prism (New Zealand)

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