The Phytochemical Contents and Antimicrobial Activities of Malaysian <i>Calophyllum Rubiginosum</i>

Abstract

Problem statement: Many species of plants in Malaysia are widely used in folk medicine. However, Calophyllum species have been used in traditional medicine for their therapeutic values for many years. Several studies reported that antimicrobial, antifungal, anti-HIV and anti-cancer compounds were isolated from numerous Calophyllum species. Approach: The stem bark was extracted by EtOH, after with it was fractionated with n-Hexane, Dichloromethane (DCM) and MeOH by using vacuum liquid chromatography apparatus. Phytochemical contents were examined to evaluate the phinolic, flavonoid and flavonol contents. Also the antimicrobial activity was carried out by using disc diffusion and dilution method to evaluate antimicrobial activity of the crude and the fractions respectively. Six references microbial strains of human pathogens were used for examined the anti microbial activity. The two Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus) and two Gram-negative (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli) were used for antibacterial test. Also two fungal strains (Candida albicans and Cryptococcus neoformans) were used for antifungal test. Results: Although the C. rubiginosum has phytochemicals as all plants, but it was showed a high content of flavonol in the range of 11.9-15.2 µg mL −1 . The C. rubiginosum fractions were showed no activity against gram negative and fungus. However, the non polar and semi polar fractions were showed a result MIC 12.5 µg mL −1 against B.cereus bacteria. While the MeOH fraction indicated for low or no activity against bacteria and fungus. Conclusion: At last, the optimistic result of this study encourage us to go forward for further studies in the future to isolate the active compound of the stem bark of C. rubiginosum, where it could lead to a new antibiotic, whereas this species never investigated before.

Evaluation of antibacterial effect of some Sinai medicinal plant extracts on bacteria isolated from bovine mastitis

“…Out of these 203 milk samples, a total of 148 different bacterial isolates were recovered, they were identified by biochemical test and found the isolated bacteria belonging to eight species as in Table-2 and Figure-2. These results were in agreement with many authors [38,39]. They are considered the culturing of bacterial is a gold standard method.…”

Comparative Study of Antibacterial Activity of Plant Ex-Tracts From Several Regions of Asia

“…They found that the methanol extract was the most effective. Our results also agreed with a previous study (Al-Judaibi and Al-Yousef, 2013) Screenings of the antimicrobial activity of extracts from plants, honey and black cumin oil were conducted in other studies, which showed that diethyl ether extracts were the most effective antimicrobial compounds and their activity was the most pronounced against grampositive bacteria (Nostro et al, 2000;Adam, 2013 (Dorman and Deans, 2000;ALkhamaiseh et al, 2011;Kamaraj et al, 2012;Akhila et al, 2013;Choudhury et al, 2013;Hasan et al, 2013b;Sureshjani et al, 2013;Mohammadi-Sichani et al, 2013;Ndjateu et al, 2014).…”

Assessment of Phytochemical, Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activity of Balanites Aegyptiaca and Curcuma Longa against Some Bacterial Pathogens Isolated from Dairy Cow Infected with Mastitis

“…A total of 132 different bacterial isolates were isolated from 287 cow's milk samples; they were identified by biochemical tests and found to belong to seven different species, as shown in Table 2. Das et al (2010) andAlkhamaiseh et al (2011) believe that bacterial culture is a good standard method for isolating causative bacteria.…”