The Physics of Fluid Dynamics Applied to Vascular Ulcers and Its Impact on Nursing Care

Abstract

The high incidence of vascular ulcers and the difficulties encountered in their healing process require the understanding of their multiple etiologies to develop effective strategies focused on providing different treatment options. This work provides a description of the principles of the physics of fluid dynamics related to vascular ulcers. The morphological characteristics of the cardiovascular system promote blood flow. The contraction force of the left ventricle is enhanced by its ability to reduce its radius of curvature and by increasing the thickness of the ventricular wall (Laplace’s Law). Arterial flow must overcome vascular resistance (Ohm’s equation). The elastic nature of the artery and the ability to reduce its diameter as flow rate progresses facilitate blood conduction at high speed up to arteriolar level, and this can be determined by the second equation of continuity. As it is a viscous fluid, we must discuss laminar flow, calculated by the Reynolds number, which favors proper conduction while aiming at the correct net filtration pressure. Any endothelial harmful process that affects the muscle wall of the vessel increases the flow speed, causing a decrease in capillary hydrostatic pressure, thus reducing the exchange of nutrients at the interstitial level. With regard to the return system, the flow direction is anti-gravity and requires endogenous aid to establish the Starling’s equilibrium. Knowledge on the physics of vascular fluid dynamics makes it easier to understand the processes of formation of these ulcers so as to choosing the optimal healing and prevention techniques for these chronic wounds.

Haemodynamic effect of a leg compression bandage on the distal posterior tibial artery using 4D flow magnetic resonance imaging: A quantitative study

“…In fact, in relation to the principles of fluid dynamics physics, if the area is decreased, velocity and flow should increase. 10 …”

“…In fact, in relation to the principles of fluid dynamics physics, if the area is decreased, velocity and flow should increase. 10 According to the literature on the physiological effects and benefits of compression therapy, there is consensus regarding the improvement of the venous and lymphatic system return. 31 However, the increase in arterial flow and velocity is not emphasised, although it becomes evident when directly analysed with the 4D flow MRI technique used in this study.…”

“… 7 , 8 The application of compression bandage has been considered a contraindication in the presence of arteriopathy due to the possible association of an ischemic effect induced by the bandage. 5 , 9 , 10 In arteriovenous ulcers, the lack of application of this treatment means that the venous part of the disease is ignored, delaying the healing process of the ulcer. 11 The existing evidence on this treatment for those ulcers is still insufficient or low and there is little agreement on the pressure used.…”

Roles of Mechanosensitive Channel Piezo1 in Wound Healing and Scar Formation

“…Interstitial flow, in addition to matrix stiffness and stretch, all commonly impaired in problem wound healing states [ 65 ], have been identified as contributing factors in the modulation of the macrophage phenotype [ 55 ]. When interstitial flow (~3 μm/s) is applied to macrophages, it drives macrophages toward an M2-like phenotype (CD163, CD206 positive) with enhanced expressions of TGFβ, arginase-1, and transglutaminase 2 [ 55 ].…”

Minireview on Fluid Manipulation Techniques for the Synthesis and Energy Applications of Two-Dimensional MXenes: Advances, Challenges, and Perspectives

“…Numerous fluidic applications that were valid had been achieved since 1970. The aerospace sector, health care, military fields, and factory automation are among the uses. Fluidics had typically been chosen because of a mix of low cost, high dependability, innate safety, and capacity to function in harsh situations. , We call this system microfluidics when we manipulate the fluidics to microchannels measuring from 10 to 100 μm .…”