The Phylogeny of Anuran Larvae: A New Look

Sokol, Martin

doi:10.2307/1442399

Cited by 97 publications

(121 citation statements)

References 20 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

109

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“…Amphicoela is redundant with Leiopelmatidae (sensu lato) when Ascaphidae and Leiopelmatidae are regarded as synonymous, as we do. PIPIDAE AND RHINOPHRYNIDAE: We found, as did Haas (2003) and San Mauro et al (2005), and as was suggested even earlier by Orton (1953Orton ( , 1957, Sokol (1975), and Maglia et al (2001) that Rhinophrynidae ϩ Pipidae is the sister taxon of all non-leiopelmatid frogs. This result is strongly supported by our evidence ( fig.…”

Section: Anurasupporting

confidence: 89%

“…Despite numerous studies that point towards its deficiencies (e.g. Kluge and Farris, 1969;Lynch, 1973;Sokol, 1975Sokol, , 1977Duellman and Trueb, 1986;Ruvinsky and Maxson, 1996;Maglia, 1998;Emerson et al, 2000;Maglia et al, 2001;Scheltinga et al, 2002;Haas, 2003;Roelants and Bossuyt, 2005;San Mauro et al, 2005;Van der Meijden et al, 2005), the current classification continues in many of its parts to reflect sociological conservatism and the traditional preoccupation with groupings by subjective impressions of overall similarity; special pleading for characters considered to be of transcendent importance; and notions of ''primitive'', ''transitional'', and ''advanced'' groups instead of evolutionary propinquity. Understanding of frog relationships remains largely a tapestry of conflicting opinion, isolated lines of evidence, unsubstantiated assertion, and unresolved paraphyly and polyphyly.…”

Section: Anuramentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Lynch, 1973;Starrett, 1973;Blommers-Schlösser, 1975;Sokol, 1975Sokol, , 1977Wassersug, 1984;Haas, 2003; but see Van der Meijden et al, 2004 (fig. 31), who suggested that the taxon is paraphyletic with respect to the hemisotines), although the internal relationships of Microhylidae are certainly problematic (Burton, 1986;Zweifel, 1986Zweifel, , 2000.…”

Section: ''Transitional'' Frogsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Supplemental Material for 'The amphibian tree of life. (Bulletin of the AMNH ; no. 297)'

Frost¹,

Grant²,

Faivovich³

et al. 2006

American Museum of Natural History Research Library

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Section: Anurasupporting

confidence: 89%

Section: Anuramentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: ''Transitional'' Frogsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Supplemental Material for 'The amphibian tree of life. (Bulletin of the AMNH ; no. 297)'

Frost¹,

Grant²,

Faivovich³

et al. 2006

American Museum of Natural History Research Library

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“…Instead, a single, continuous and median plate of cartilage is first visible in histological sections through the anterior ethmoid region. Several studies have accepted the homology between the paired suprarostrals of most anurans and the median suprarostral plate of pipids (Sokol, 1975(Sokol, , 1977Trueb and Hanken, 1992;Swart and de Sá, 1999;Pugener et al, 2003). Others, however, have denied this homology because the suprarostral plate does not appear to form from paired chondrogenic precursors (de Beer, 1937;Sedra and Michael, 1957;Roček and Vesley, 1989;Roček, 2003).…”

Section: Runx2 In Larval Xenopus 1657mentioning

confidence: 99%

Runx2 is essential for larval hyobranchial cartilage formation in Xenopus laevis

Kerney

Gross

Howard

2007

Developmental Dynamics

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The vertebrate transcription factor protein Runx2 is regarded as a "master regulator" of bone formation due to the dramatic loss of the osseous skeleton in the mouse homozygous knockout. However, Runx2 mRNA also is expressed in the pre-hypertrophic cartilaginous skeleton of the mouse and chicken, where its developmental function is largely unknown. Several tiers of Runx2 regulation exist in the mouse, any of which may account for its seeming biological inactivity during early stages of skeletogenesis. Unlike mouse and chicken, zebrafish require Runx2 function in early cartilage differentiation. The present study reveals that the earlier functional role of Runx2 in cartilage differentiation is shared between zebrafish and Xenopus. A combination of morpholino oligonucleotide injections and neural crest transplants indicate that Runx2 is involved in differentiation of the cartilaginous hyobranchial skeleton in the frog, Xenopus laevis. Additionally, in situ hybridizations show runx2 mRNA expression in mesenchymal precursors of the cartilaginous skull, which reveals the earliest pre-patterning of these cartilages described to date. The early distribution of runx2 resolves the homology of the larval suprarostral plate, which is one of the oldest controversies of anuran skull development. Together these data reveal a shift in Runx2 protein function during vertebrate evolution towards its exclusive roles in cartilage hypertrophy and bone differentiation within the amniote lineage. Developmental Dynamics 236:1650 -1662, 2007.

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“…The former is particularly true for tadpoles, because their generally small sizes and incompletely ossified skeletons reduce the chance of fossilization (1,5). The latter was enhanced by the fact that evolutionary studies of larval morphological characters made use of conflicting phylogenetic hypotheses, some of which were inferred from the very same larval characters (6)(7)(8)(9)(10). Recent molecular studies using different data sources and methods have converged on very similar phylogenetic hypotheses for Anura (11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Anuran radiations and the evolution of tadpole morphospace

Roelants

Haas

Bossuyt

2011

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Anurans (frogs and toads) are unique among land vertebrates in possessing a free-living larval stage that, parallel to adult frogs, diversified into an impressive range of ecomorphs. The tempo and mode at which tadpole morphology evolved through anuran history as well as its relationship to lineage diversification remain elusive. We used a molecular phylogenetic framework to examine patterns of morphological evolution in tadpoles in light of observed episodes of accelerated lineage diversification. Our reconstructions show that the expansion of tadpole morphospace during the basal anuran radiation in the Triassic/Early Jurassic was unparalleled by the basal neobatrachian radiation in the Late Jurassic/Early Cretaceous or any subsequent radiation in the Late Cretaceous/Early Tertiary. Comparative analyses of radiation episodes indicate that the slowdown of morphospace expansion was caused not only by a drop in evolutionary rate after the basal anuran radiation but also by an overall increase in homoplasy in the characters that did evolve during later radiations. The overlapping sets of evolving characters among more recent radiations may have enhanced tadpole diversity by creating unique combinations of homoplastic traits, but the lack of innovative character changes prevented the exploration of fundamental regions in morphospace. These complex patterns transcend the four traditionally recognized tadpole morphotypes and apply to most tissue types and body parts.

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The Phylogeny of Anuran Larvae: A New Look

Cited by 97 publications

References 20 publications

Supplemental Material for 'The amphibian tree of life. (Bulletin of the AMNH ; no. 297)'

Supplemental Material for 'The amphibian tree of life. (Bulletin of the AMNH ; no. 297)'

Runx2 is essential for larval hyobranchial cartilage formation in Xenopus laevis

Anuran radiations and the evolution of tadpole morphospace

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