The phylogenetic relationships of sauropod dinosaurs

Upchurch, Paul

doi:10.1006/zjls.1997.0138

Cited by 161 publications

(625 citation statements)

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“…The hemapophyses are only rudimentary developed, but show the forked shape with elongate cranial and caudal processes that is synapomorphic for Flagellicaudata (Upchurch 1998;Upchurch et al 2004a;Harris 2006c). The threesided, ventrally concave form of the centra is typical for diplodocines (Marsh 1895;Upchurch 1998;Wilson 2002;Upchurch et al 2004a;Rauhut et al 2005;Harris 2006c;Salgado et al 2006), but the grade of elongation is unusually low for this group. Since both vertebrae measure only 15 cm in combined length, and because the hemapophyses are only weakly developed, it may well be that specimen Ki 75-77 represents a juvenile individual.…”

Section: Distal Caudal Vertebrae From Site Kimentioning

confidence: 89%

“…In the maxillae, replacement teeth of identical shape are preserved. All these characters are diagnostic for Diplodocoidea (Calvo & Salgado 1995;Upchurch 1995Upchurch , 1998Wilson 2002;Upchurch et al 2004a;Rauhut et al 2005;Harris 2006c;Salgado et al 2006). Resembling Apatosaurus Marsh, 1877 and Diplodocus (Holland 1924;Berman & McIntosh 1978), but unlike Suuwassea Harris, 2006 and Dicraeosaurus (Janensch 1935-36), the nasal process of the premaxilla is continuous with, not medially offset from the lateral side of the tooth-bearing portion of the bone.…”

Section: Systematic Paleontologymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…12A). The characters of the vertebrae identify specimens Z and C as Diplodocinae (Upchurch 1998;Wilson 2002;Upchurch et al 2004a;Rauhut et al 2005;Harris 2006c;Salgado et al 2006), but these elements are not diagnostic on genus level. The differences in the shape of the tibia between skeleton k (Tornieria) and skeleton C also speaks against an assignment of the material from site C to Tornieria, although the grade of individual variation in sauropods is not known (compare Bonnan et al 2008).…”

Section: Caudal Vertebral Column and Limb Elements Of Skeletons Z And Cmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Specimens MB.R.2736 (E 6), MB.R.2722 (XI a 10), H 9, and MB.R.2735 (Ki 13) have a prominent, hook-shaped ambiens process caudodorsally. An enlarged ambiens process is a derived trait of Flagellicaudata (McIntosh 1990a;Wilson 2002;Rauhut et al 2005;Salgado et al 2006), but its hook-like shape is synapomorphic for Diplodocinae (Upchurch 1998;Upchurch et al 2004a;Harris 2006c). Therefore, these four specimens may be referred to Diplodocinae indet.…”

Section: Isolated Pubes From Sites E H XI and Kimentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This is important because the original descriptions of "Barosaurus africanus" by Janensch (1935Janensch ( -36, 1961 still serve as the primary source of anatomical data for the Tendaguru sauropods, and false taxonomic assignments may lead to substantial misinterpretations in further analyses (e.g., of phylogeny or histology). Recent descriptions of newly discovered diplodocoids (Carvalho et al 2003;Harris & Dodson 2004;Salgado et al 2006;Harris 2006aHarris , 2006bHarris , 2007 and phylogenetic studies (Upchurch 1998;Wilson 2002;Salgado et al 2004;Upchurch et al 2004a;Rauhut et al 2005;Harris 2006c; Salgado et al 2006) provide a better database for assessing the taxonomic status of individual fossils. The material can be divided into two groups: a) diplodocoid material with phylogenetically diagnostic characters, and b) material that is not diagnostic beyond Sauropoda indet.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Taxonomy of Late Jurassic diplodocid sauropods from Tendaguru (Tanzania)

Remes

2009

Fossil Record

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Section: Distal Caudal Vertebrae From Site Kimentioning

confidence: 89%

Section: Systematic Paleontologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Caudal Vertebral Column and Limb Elements Of Skeletons Z And Cmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Isolated Pubes From Sites E H XI and Kimentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Taxonomy of Late Jurassic diplodocid sauropods from Tendaguru (Tanzania)

Remes

2009

Fossil Record

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Comparative Three‐Dimensional Moment Arm Analysis of the Sauropod Forelimb: Implications for the Transition to a Wide‐Gauge Stance in Titanosaurs

Klinkhamer

Mallison

Poropat

et al. 2018

The Anatomical Record

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The evolution of extraordinarily large size among Sauropoda was associated with a number of biomechanical adaptations. Changes in muscle moment arms undoubtedly accompanied these adaptations, but since muscles rarely fossilize, our ability to understand them has been restricted. Here, we use three‐dimensional (3D) musculoskeletal modeling to reconstruct and quantitatively assess leverage of forelimb muscles in the transition from the narrow‐gauge stance of basal sauropods to a wide‐gauge stance in titanosaurs. A comparative analysis is conducted on three neosauropods: the narrow‐gauge diplodocid Apatosaurus louisae, the intermediate‐gauge titanosariform Giraffatitan brancai, and the wide‐gauge titanosaur Diamantinasaurus matildae. In this study, moment arm magnitudes and corresponding morphological evidence indicates multiple changes across the narrow‐gauge to wide‐gauge transition in sauropods. High shoulder adduction was found in Diamantinasaurus, suggesting functional changes for supporting a wider stance and a limb less aligned with ground reaction force. High leverage in shoulder extension of Diamantinasaurus and Giraffatitan is possibly related to the increased use of the forelimb in forward propulsion with an anterior shift in center of mass. In addition, the prominence of the olecranon process in Diamantinasaurus produced high moment arm leverage in elbow flexion and extension, suggesting titanosaurs might have maintained a more flexed forelimb posture and displayed an increased degree of maneuverability. Other results are more variable between taxa but still indicate smaller scale changes. A sensitivity analysis was also conducted to measure the reliability of our models and test specific uncertainties within the modeling process, as well as other uncertainties uncovered during analysis. Anat Rec, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Anat Rec, 302:794–817, 2019. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

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Redescription of Brachiosaurid Sauropod Dinosaur Material From the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation, Colorado, USA

D’Emic

Carrano

2019

The Anatomical Record

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Like many long‐standing dinosaur taxa, Brachiosaurus altithorax from the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation of North America suffers from taxonomic issues stemming from a relatively incomplete holotype. Lack of anatomical overlap has precluded definitive referral of important specimens, including a mostly complete skull discovered in 1883. We redescribe this skull and some other significant brachiosaurid specimens based on new preparation and computed tomographic (CT) data. We argue that these elements are most parsimoniously referred to B. altithorax. Including these tentatively referred elements in a phylogenetic analysis does not alter the hypothesized relationships of B. altithorax, congruent with the presence of a single brachiosaurid taxon across western North America in the Late Jurassic. Based on CT data, we estimate that B. altithorax had a slower tooth replacement rate than Camarasaurus or the diplodocoids it shared Morrison Formation landscapes with, which suggests a difference in diet and/or feeding strategy. Anat Rec, 303:732–758, 2020. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

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The phylogenetic relationships of sauropod dinosaurs

Cited by 161 publications

References 0 publications

Taxonomy of Late Jurassic diplodocid sauropods from Tendaguru (Tanzania)

Taxonomy of Late Jurassic diplodocid sauropods from Tendaguru (Tanzania)

Comparative Three‐Dimensional Moment Arm Analysis of the Sauropod Forelimb: Implications for the Transition to a Wide‐Gauge Stance in Titanosaurs

Redescription of Brachiosaurid Sauropod Dinosaur Material From the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation, Colorado, USA

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