This article presents the main outcomes of a rigorous review of literature undertaken for the project ‘Higher Education, Inequality and the Public Good: A Study in Four African Countries’, which is discussed in this special edition. We set out to review some of the literature on higher education in the four countries that were the focus of the project – Ghana, Kenya, Nigeria, and South Africa – and to map its conceptual and contextual focal points. The article presents and discusses the trends that emerged from this mapping exercise and, in conclusion, reflects on what some of these trends may mean for the relationship between higher education and the public good in Africa.