The Phenomenology of Being in a Group: Complexity Approaches to Operationalizing Cognitive Representation

Ethnophaulisms for ethnic immigrant groups: the contributions of group size and familiarity

“…Speci®cally, these results support Mullen's (e.g. Mullen, 1991;Mullen & Johnson, 1995;Mullen, et al, 1994Mullen, et al, , 1996Mullen, et al, , 2000Nichols et al, presented at the meeting of the Society of Personality and Social Psychology, Nashville, TN, 2000) model of the phenomenology of being in a group.…”

“…This model of group size ±salience±mode of cognitive representation has received a considerable amount of support (e.g. Mullen, 1991;Mullen & Johnson, 1995;Mullen et al, 1994Mullen et al, , 1996Mullen et al, , 2000Nichols et al, presented at the meeting of the Society of Personality and Social Psychology, Nashville, TN, 2000).…”

“…Allen classi®ed all ethnophaulisms into six mutually exclusive and exhaustive types: physical traits, personal traits, personal names, food habits, group names, and other (miscellaneous). In accord with the procedures followed by Brewer, Dull, and Lui (1981), Brewer and Lui (1984), Linville et al (1989), Mullen and Johnson (1993), and Mullen et al (1996Mullen et al ( , 2000, a Scott's H statistic was derived for the ethnophaulisms used to characterize each group for each of the 15 10-year time periods.…”

Stigmatizing attributions about mental illness

“…Researchers have identified three paradigms that explain stigmatizing attitudes about any outgroup: socio-cultural perspectives (i.e., stigmatizing attitudes develop to justify existing community injustices); motivational biases (stigmatizing attitudes develop to meet basic psychological needs); and social cognitive theories (stigmatizing attitudes are understood as knowledge structures that develop from community experience) (Corrigan, 1998;Crocker & Lutsky, 1986). Social cognitive models are especially promising because they provide a rich theoretical base, research methodology, and intervention approach for understanding and changing stigmatizing attitudes at the societal level (Augoustinos, Ahrens, & Innes, 1994;Essess, Haddock, & Zanna, 1994;Hilton & von-Hippel, 1996;Judd & Park, 1993;Krueger, 1996;Mullen, Rozell, & Johnson, 1996). Moreover, research in this area has shown that prejudicial attitudes about outgroups like mental illness relate to behavioral reactions in the community (Fiske, 1998).…”

Personality as a potential moderator of the relationship between stigma and help-seeking

“…The predominant social beliefs regarding the labeled person then link them to a stereotype (Corrigan, 2004;Rüsch et al, 2005). A stereotype represents an oversimplified and generalistic knowledge structure that the general public may hold about a social group (Augoustinos, Ahrens, & Innes, 1994;Corrigan, 2004;Esses, Haddock, & Zanna, 1994;Hilton, & von Hippel, 1996;Judd & Park, 1993;Krueger, 1996;Mullen, Rozell, & Johnson, 1996). It is thought that stereotypes are often relatively "automatic" and are an "efficient" means of cognitive categorization of social groups (Corrigan, 2004;.…”