The phase stability in Cr–Ni and Cr–Mn duplex stainless steels

Characterization of duplex stainless steel weld metals obtained by hybrid plasma-gas metal arc welding

“…Relatively lower energies for fusion line of GMA weldment then the ones for HPA weldment would be attributed to the precipitation of brittle intermetallics. Calliari et al [25] obtained a correlation between the volume fraction of secondary phases and impact toughness. They commented the main drop in toughness was due to the early stages of precipitation when the only phase detected was χ-phase and σ-phase was still virtually absent.…”

σ-Phase in Lean Duplex Stainless Steel Sheets

“…The formation of secondary phases in DSS as a result of continuous cooling and isothermal treatments has been extensively studied [1][2][3][4][5][6][7]. Thermodynamic simulations on multi-component systems have shown that r-phase (the main intermetallic compound) is not a structural anomaly resulting from manufacturing errors, but belongs to the equilibrium microstructure of all DSS [6,7].…”

“…Thermodynamic simulations on multi-component systems have shown that r-phase (the main intermetallic compound) is not a structural anomaly resulting from manufacturing errors, but belongs to the equilibrium microstructure of all DSS [6,7]. However, previous studies have evidenced that the precipitation of intermetallics mainly concerns the high alloyed grades [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10], due to their high content of alloying elements (mainly Cr and Mo). On the other hand, lean DSS have been found to be affected only by nitrides formation [7].…”

“…However, previous studies have evidenced that the precipitation of intermetallics mainly concerns the high alloyed grades [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10], due to their high content of alloying elements (mainly Cr and Mo). On the other hand, lean DSS have been found to be affected only by nitrides formation [7]. In any case, all DSS are sensitive to nitrides precipitation, as they contain significant percentages of nitrogen [7,11].…”

Flat-Top Cylinder Indenter Examination of Duplex Stainless Steel 2205 after Different Heat Treatments

“…Some of these applications depend on the capability to realize welded joints. However, phase transformations occur during welding in the molten zone (MZ) and in the heat affected zone (HAZ) with detrimental effects on the physical and mechanical properties of DSS [2], in particular the precipitation of secondary phases (SPs), like σ and χ, cause a serious reduction in toughness [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12]. This generally derives from incorrect process parameters during either welding or post-welding heat treatments.…”