The pharmacokinetics of xylazine hydrochloride: an interspecific study

Garcia‐Villar, R.; Toutain, P. L.; Alvinerie, M.; Ruckebusch, Y.

doi:10.1111/j.1365-2885.1981.tb00715.x

Cited by 150 publications

(101 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…Plasma concentrations in Cases 2 (estimated dosage 3.4 mg/kg IV, 0.99 mg/mL in plasma) and 3 (estimated dosage 3.5 mg/kg IM; 0.24 mg/mL in plasma), both collected 49 min postadministration, indicate an adequate but relatively low IM bioavailability in cetaceans. Plasma concentrations corresponding to sedation and analgesia in other animals (Garcia-Villar et al 1981;Rector et al 1996;Lizarraga and Beths 2012) were achieved or exceeded in Cases 2 and 3, but not in Case 1. Oral bioavailability of xylazine is poor because of first pass metabolism, however, it may be directly absorbed from the oral and pharyngeal mucosa (Pawson 2008), making assessment of relay toxicity risk difficult.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Xylazine is dosed at 0.2-1 mg/kg IM as a preanesthetic in dogs, at 0.1-0.3 mg/kg IM in cattle, and at 1-10 mg/kg IM in birds (Plumb 2011). Bioavailability following IM injection is variable: 52-90% in dogs and 40-48% in horses (Garcia-Villar et al 1981). Plasma concentrations in Cases 2 (estimated dosage 3.4 mg/kg IV, 0.99 mg/mL in plasma) and 3 (estimated dosage 3.5 mg/kg IM; 0.24 mg/mL in plasma), both collected 49 min postadministration, indicate an adequate but relatively low IM bioavailability in cetaceans.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Low-Residue Euthanasia of Stranded Mysticetes

Harms

McLellan

Moore

et al. 2014

Journal of Wildlife Diseases

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ABSTRACT:Euthanasia of stranded large whales poses logistic, safety, pharmaceutical, delivery, public relations, and disposal challenges. Reasonable arguments may be made for allowing a stranded whale to expire naturally. However, slow cardiovascular collapse from gravitational effects outside of neutral buoyancy, often combined with severely debilitating conditions, motivate humane efforts to end the animal's suffering. The size of the animal and prevailing environmental conditions often pose safety concerns for stranding personnel, which take priority over other considerations. When considering chemical euthanasia, the size of the animal also necessitates large quantities of euthanasia agents. Drug residues are a concern for relay toxicity to scavengers, particularly for pentobarbital-containing euthanasia solutions. Pentobarbital is also an environmental concern because of its stability and long persistence in aquatic environments. We describe a euthanasia technique for stranded mysticetes using readily available, relatively inexpensive, preanesthetic and anesthetic drugs (midazolam, acepromazine, xylazine) followed by saturated KCl delivered via custom-made needles and a low-cost, basic, pressurized canister. This method provides effective euthanasia while moderating personnel exposure to hazardous situations and minimizing drug residues of concern for relay toxicity.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Low-Residue Euthanasia of Stranded Mysticetes

Harms

McLellan

Moore

et al. 2014

Journal of Wildlife Diseases

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“…A range of xylazine doses alters respiratory mechanics and gas exchange, causing tachypnea, increased airway pressures and respiratory resistance, decreased lung compliance, pulmonary edema, and hypoxemia with or without hypercapnia (5), produced by vasoconstriction, which follows peripheral α 2 Breceptor stimulation caused by high plasma α 2 -agonist concentrations (6). In sheep, it has a short elimination half-life and it is rapidly cleared from plasma after intramuscular (IM) and intravenous (IV) administration (7). The effects of xylazine on the digestive tract are variable and include reduced rumen motility and ruminal tympany (8).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of xylazine–ketamine–diazepam anesthesia on certain clinical and arterial blood gas parameters in sheep and goats

Ismail

Jawasreh²,

Al-Majali

2009

Comp Clin Pathol

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In the countryside, the use of halogenated anesthetics is difficult, therefore the use of injectable agents is an essential tool in anesthetic practice. This study aimed to compare two multimodal injectable anesthesia protocols and to determine the appropriate protocol to perform a medial laparotomy and embryo recovery in sheep. 16 healthy adult creole sheep were used. Animals were randomized to receive xylazine 0.2 mg/kg PC IM and ketamine 10 mg/kg PC IV (XK group), or a continuous infusion of 5% solution of xylazine (50 mg), ketamine (500 mg), and guaifenesin (500 mL) at a rate of 2.2 mL/kg/h IV (XKG group). Heart and respiratory frequency, rumen motility, and body temperature were evaluated before anesthesia, after induction, and during recovery. Induction was assessed by muscle spasms, nystagmus, and limb movement. Anesthesia was evaluated based on time, mandibular relaxation, skin sensitivity, and reflexes. Recovery was evaluated on a scale for anesthetic agent (0-10). Cardiorespiratory parameters decreased below baseline after induction of anesthesia in both groups. Between the groups, there was a significant difference in decubitus time (XK: 9.06 ± 0.73 min; XKG: 7.81 ± 0.53 min) and recovery (XK: 53.13 ± 5.3 min; XKG: 98.38 ± 5.71 min). Changes in the cardiopulmonary system were similar in both anesthetic regimens, and they were within acceptable clinical range. It is concluded that, in short surgical procedures, xylazine-ketamine anesthesia provides rapid induction, maintenance of physiological parameters within optimum limits, and rapid recovery.Keywords: cardiovascular system, guaifenesin, ketamine, xylazine.Comparación de dos combinaciones de anestésicos inyectables utilizados en laparotomía medial para recuperación de embriones en ovejas criollas colombianas Resumen En el campo, el uso de anestésicos halogenados es difícil, por lo que el uso de agentes inyectables es una herramienta esencial de la práctica anestésica. El objetivo del presente estudio fue comparar dos protocolos de anestésicos inyectables multimodales y determinar el adecuado protocolo para realizar una laparatomía medial y recuperar embriones en ovejas. Se utilizaron 16 ovejas criollas adultas y sanas. Los animales se asignaron al azar para recibir xilazine 0,2 mg/kg PC IM y de ketamina 10 mg/kg PC IV (XK grupo) o una infusión continua de solución al 5 % de xilazine (50 mg), ketamina (500 mg) y de guaifenesina (500 mL) a una tasa de 2,2 mL/kg/h IV (grupo XKG). Frecuencia cardiaca y respiratoria, motilidad del rumen y temperatura corporal se evaluaron antes de la anestesia, después de la inducción y durante la recuperación. La inducción se evaluó según los espasmos musculares, nistagmo y movimiento de las extremidades. La anestesia se valora en función del tiempo, relajación mandibular, sensibilidad cutánea y reflejos. La recuperación se evaluó a una escala de agente anestésico (0-10). Los parámetros cardiorrespiratorios disminuyeron por debajo de los valores basales después de la inducción de anestesia en ambos grupos. Entre...

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“…Sci. 71 (5): [539][540][541][542][543][544][545][546][547][548] 2009 Xylazine (2(2,6 dimethylphenylamino)-5,6-dihydro-4H-1,3 thiazine hydrochloride) is a potent  2 -adrenoceptor agonist, clonidine analogue and non-narcotic drug [5]. The  2 /  1 receptor binding selectivity of xylazine is 160, whereas those of medetomidine, detomidine and clonidine are 1620, 260 and 220, respectively [14].…”

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confidence: 99%

Antagonistic Effects of Atipamezole and Yohimbine on Xylazine-Induced Diuresis in Healthy Dogs

Talukder

Hikasa

Matsuu

et al. 2009

The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science

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ABSTRACT. The aim of this study was to investigate and compare the antagonistic effects of atipamezole and yohimbine on xylazineinduced diuresis in healthy dogs. Five healthy male beagles were assigned to each of the 8 treatment groups in a randomized design at 1-week intervals in the same dog. One group was not medicated. The dogs in the other groups received 2 mg/kg xylazine intramuscularly (IM) and a treatment of saline (control), 50, 100 or 300 g/kg of each atipamezole or yohimbine IM 0.5 hr later. Urine and blood samples were collected 11 times over the course of 24 hr. Urine volume, pH, specific gravity and creatinine values; osmolality, electrolyte and arginine vasopressin (AVP) values in both urine and plasma; and plasma atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) concentration were measured. Both atipamezole and yohimbine antagonized xylazine-induced diuresis. The reversal effect of yohimbine was more potent, but not dose-dependent at the tested doses, in contrast with atipamezole. Both atipamezole and yohimbine exhibited similar potency in reversing the decreases in urine specific gravity, osmolality, creatinine, sodium and chloride concentrations and the increase in the plasma potassium concentration induced by xylazine. Both also inhibited xylazine-induced diuresis without significantly altering the hormonal profile in the dogs. A higher dose of atipamezole tended to increase the plasma ANP concentration. This may not be due only to actions mediated by  2 -adrenoceptors. Both drugs can be used as antagonistic agents against xylazine-induced diuresis in healthy dogs. KEY WORDS:  2 -adrenoceptor agonist and antagonists, arginine vasopressin, atipamezole, atrial natriuretic peptide, diuresis.J. Vet. Med. Sci. 71 (5): [539][540][541][542][543][544][545][546][547][548] 2009 Xylazine (2(2,6 dimethylphenylamino)-5,6-dihydro-4H-1,3 thiazine hydrochloride) is a potent  2 -adrenoceptor agonist, clonidine analogue and non-narcotic drug [5]. The  2 /  1 receptor binding selectivity of xylazine is 160, whereas those of medetomidine, detomidine and clonidine are 1620, 260 and 220, respectively [14]. Xylazine is less lipophilic than medetomidine, detomidine and clonidine [14]. It acts on presynaptic and postsynaptic receptors of the central and peripheral nervous systems as an  2 -adrenoceptor agonist and inhibits the effects of postganglionic nerve stimulation. It is used primarily for sedation, anesthesia, analgesia and muscle relaxation in many species of small and large animals, often in combination with ketamine [5]. At the recommended dose rates, xylazine has considerable and variable pharmacodynamic effects [5]. Xylazine is known to induce diuresis in cattle, horses and rats [10,11,17,18]. Recently, we reported for the first time that xylazine induces a profound dose-related diuresis associated with changes in urine specific gravity, pH and creatinine values; and osmolality, sodium, potassium and chloride ions in both urine and plasma in healthy dogs [16]. In that study, we also demonstrated that, inspite of ...

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The pharmacokinetics of xylazine hydrochloride: an interspecific study

Cited by 150 publications

References 4 publications

Low-Residue Euthanasia of Stranded Mysticetes

Low-Residue Euthanasia of Stranded Mysticetes

Effect of xylazine–ketamine–diazepam anesthesia on certain clinical and arterial blood gas parameters in sheep and goats

Antagonistic Effects of Atipamezole and Yohimbine on Xylazine-Induced Diuresis in Healthy Dogs

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