Effect of xylazine–ketamine–diazepam anesthesia on certain clinical and arterial blood gas parameters in sheep and goats

Abstract

In the countryside, the use of halogenated anesthetics is difficult, therefore the use of injectable agents is an essential tool in anesthetic practice. This study aimed to compare two multimodal injectable anesthesia protocols and to determine the appropriate protocol to perform a medial laparotomy and embryo recovery in sheep. 16 healthy adult creole sheep were used. Animals were randomized to receive xylazine 0.2 mg/kg PC IM and ketamine 10 mg/kg PC IV (XK group), or a continuous infusion of 5% solution of xylazine (50 mg), ketamine (500 mg), and guaifenesin (500 mL) at a rate of 2.2 mL/kg/h IV (XKG group). Heart and respiratory frequency, rumen motility, and body temperature were evaluated before anesthesia, after induction, and during recovery. Induction was assessed by muscle spasms, nystagmus, and limb movement. Anesthesia was evaluated based on time, mandibular relaxation, skin sensitivity, and reflexes. Recovery was evaluated on a scale for anesthetic agent (0-10). Cardiorespiratory parameters decreased below baseline after induction of anesthesia in both groups. Between the groups, there was a significant difference in decubitus time (XK: 9.06 ± 0.73 min; XKG: 7.81 ± 0.53 min) and recovery (XK: 53.13 ± 5.3 min; XKG: 98.38 ± 5.71 min). Changes in the cardiopulmonary system were similar in both anesthetic regimens, and they were within acceptable clinical range. It is concluded that, in short surgical procedures, xylazine-ketamine anesthesia provides rapid induction, maintenance of physiological parameters within optimum limits, and rapid recovery.Keywords: cardiovascular system, guaifenesin, ketamine, xylazine.Comparación de dos combinaciones de anestésicos inyectables utilizados en laparotomía medial para recuperación de embriones en ovejas criollas colombianas Resumen En el campo, el uso de anestésicos halogenados es difícil, por lo que el uso de agentes inyectables es una herramienta esencial de la práctica anestésica. El objetivo del presente estudio fue comparar dos protocolos de anestésicos inyectables multimodales y determinar el adecuado protocolo para realizar una laparatomía medial y recuperar embriones en ovejas. Se utilizaron 16 ovejas criollas adultas y sanas. Los animales se asignaron al azar para recibir xilazine 0,2 mg/kg PC IM y de ketamina 10 mg/kg PC IV (XK grupo) o una infusión continua de solución al 5 % de xilazine (50 mg), ketamina (500 mg) y de guaifenesina (500 mL) a una tasa de 2,2 mL/kg/h IV (grupo XKG). Frecuencia cardiaca y respiratoria, motilidad del rumen y temperatura corporal se evaluaron antes de la anestesia, después de la inducción y durante la recuperación. La inducción se evaluó según los espasmos musculares, nistagmo y movimiento de las extremidades. La anestesia se valora en función del tiempo, relajación mandibular, sensibilidad cutánea y reflejos. La recuperación se evaluó a una escala de agente anestésico (0-10). Los parámetros cardiorrespiratorios disminuyeron por debajo de los valores basales después de la inducción de anestesia en ambos grupos. Entre...

Cardiorespiratory and hemogasometric effects of epidural ketamine and its associations with morphine and xylazine in sheep

“…Blood gas analysis is an important tool for the evaluation of the acid-base balance of organic fluids and the prognosis of some diseases (Soares, Leal, Mori, Sucupira, & Ortolani, 2012). During anesthesia, many drugs induce cardiorespiratory depression, changing the acid-base balance (Ismail, Jawasreh, & Al-Majali, 2010). This study aims to evaluate the cardiorespiratory effects of epidural ketamine, and its associations with morphine and xylazine, in ewes, and to correlate these effects with hemogasometric analysis to determine both the clinical and subclinical changes promoted by these drugs.…”

Comparison of rectal and tympanic core body temperature measurement in adult Guyanese squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus sciureus)

“…For the safety of the patient and the animal care staff, sedation and/or general anesthesia are generally required to measure rectal temperature in nonhuman primates. However, the administration of anesthetics causing vasodilation often dramatically alters resting core body temperature [11, 14, 23, 30]. Without sedation, handling and restraint can increase the amount of stress in the patient, which in itself may increase baseline body temperature [7].…”

Do potent immobilising-opioids induce different physiological effects in impala and blesbok?

“…PaCO 2 values of blesbok (means = 45 mmHg [etorphine] and 41 mmHg [thiafentanil]) were within the upper physiological range of conscious small ruminants (Ismail et al 2010 ), indicating adequate ventilation during immobilisation. Despite adequate ventilation, blesbok suffered from moderate hypoxaemia with thiafentanil (mean PaO 2 61 mmHg to 68 mmHg) and severe hypoxaemia with the etorphine treatment (mean PaO 2 51 mmHg to 54 mmHg) ( Figure 2b, c ).…”

“…The respiratory rate of impala at rest has been reported as 20.0 ± 8 breaths/min (Cheney & Hattingh 1987 ). Blood gas values for sheep and goats at rest were measured by Ismail, Jawasreh and Al-Majali ( 2010 ) who reported a mean PaCO 2 of 41 ± 2.5 for sheep and 40 ± 7 for goats. Impala, especially at the start of the monitoring period, displayed a low respiratory rate and hypercapnia (PaCO 2 means = 51 mmHg [etorphine] and 52 mmHg [thiafentanil]) with both opioid treatments.…”