The pH-Dependent Expression of the Urease Operon in Streptococcus salivarius Is Mediated by CodY

Huang, Szu-Chuan; Burne, Robert A.; Chen, Yi-Ywan M.

doi:10.1128/aem.00755-14

Cited by 26 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…S. salivarius 57.I is not naturally competent; therefore, it is rather difficult to generate recombinant strains. Our recent studies revealed that a spontaneous mutation had occurred in the 5=-flanking region of comX in a codY-deficient derivative of S. salivarius 57.I (strain ΔcodY) (52). The mutation resulted in enhanced comX expression and a naturally competent phenotype (unpublished results by Y.-Y.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

YMC-2011, a Temperate Phage of Streptococcus salivarius 57.I

Chou

Huang

Chiu

et al. 2017

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Streptococcus salivarius is an abundant isolate of the oral cavity. The genome of S. salivarius 57.I consists of a 2-Mb chromosome and a 40,758-bp circular molecule, designated YMC-2011. Annotation of YMC-2011 revealed 55 open reading frames, most of them associated with phage production, although plaque formation is not observed in S. salivarius 57.I after lytic induction using mitomycin C. Results from Southern hybridization and quantitative real-time PCR confirmed that YMC-2011 exists extrachromosomally, with an estimated copy number of 3 to 4. Phage particles were isolated from the supernatant of mitomycin C-treated S. salivarius 57.I cultures, and transmission electron microscopic examination indicated that YMC-2011 belongs to the Siphoviridae family. Phylogenetic analysis suggests that phage YMC-2011 and the cos-type phages of Streptococcus thermophilus originated from a common ancestor. An extended Ϫ10 element (p L ) and a 70 -like promoter (p R ) were mapped 5= to Ssal_phage00013 (encoding a CI-like repressor) and Ssal_phage00014 (encoding a hypothetical protein), respectively, using 5= rapid amplification of cDNA ends, indicating that YMC-2011 transcribes at least two mRNAs in opposite orientations. Studies using promoter-chloramphenicol acetyltransferase reporter gene fusions revealed that p R , but not p L , was sensitive to mitomycin C induction, suggesting that the switch from lysogenic growth to lytic growth was controlled mainly by the activity of these two promoters. In conclusion, a lysogenic state is maintained in S. salivarius 57.I, presumably by the repression of genes encoding proteins for lytic growth.IMPORTANCE The movement of mobile genetic elements such as bacteriophages and the establishment of lysogens may have profound effects on the balance of microbial ecology where lysogenic bacteria reside. The discovery of phage YMC-2011 from Streptococcus salivarius 57.I suggests that YMC-2011 and Streptococcus thermophilus-infecting phages share an ancestor. Although S. salivarius and S. thermophilus are close phylogenetically, S. salivarius is a natural inhabitant of the human mouth, whereas S. thermophilus is commonly found in the mammary mucosa of bovine species. Thus, the identification of YMC-2011 suggests that horizontal gene transfer via phage infection could take place between species from different ecological niches.KEYWORDS Streptococcus salivarius, temperate phage, lysogeny, plasmid, Siphoviridae family P hages, prokaryotic viruses, are the most abundant biological entities on the planet (1). Although phages have been isolated from the oral cavity (2, 3), relatively little is known about the phages of oral streptococci, compared to those of other lactic acid bacteria, particularly Lactococcus lactis and Streptococcus thermophilus. To date, the better characterized phages of oral streptococci are the virulent phage M102AD of Streptococcus mutans (4) and the temperate phage SM1 of Streptococcus mitis (5). A Streptococcus salivarius-infecting phage of the family Cystoviridae wa...

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

YMC-2011, a Temperate Phage of Streptococcus salivarius 57.I

Chou

Huang

Chiu

et al. 2017

Appl Environ Microbiol

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“…In juxtaposition, some bacteria help maintain homeostasis through ammonia production from arginine and urea. For example, Streptococcus salivarius, one of the major alkali producers in the mouth, expresses urease gene under acidic pH and excess of carbohydrates [10]. Since the metabolic activities of strains within species show high variability, species-level identifications may not represent a great value in understanding the disease process and more information would be retrieved from the functional characterization of the community in vivo .…”

Section: Introduction: Role Of the Human Oral Microbiome In Healthmentioning

confidence: 99%

Beyond microbial community composition: functional activities of the oral microbiome in health and disease

Duran-Pinedo¹,

Frias-Lopez

2015

Microbes and Infection

146

113

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The oral microbiome plays a relevant role in the health status of the host and is a key element in a variety of oral and non-oral diseases. Despite advances in our knowledge of changes in microbial composition associated with different health conditions the functional aspects of the oral microbiome that lead to dysbiosis remain for the most part unknown. In this review, we discuss the progress made towards understanding the functional role of the oral microbiome in health and disease and how novel technologies are expanding our knowledge on this subject.

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“…The urease system is induced when S. salivarius is growing in a biofilm, which helps to modulate the pH of dental plaque. The expression of the urease operon in S. salivarius 57.I is mediated via CodY (224).…”

Section: Metabolism Of Nitrogenmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stress Physiology of Lactic Acid Bacteria

Papadimitriou

Alegría

Bron

et al. 2016

Microbiol Mol Biol Rev

517

404

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SUMMARYLactic acid bacteria (LAB) are important starter, commensal, or pathogenic microorganisms. The stress physiology of LAB has been studied in depth for over 2 decades, fueled mostly by the technological implications of LAB robustness in the food industry. Survival of probiotic LAB in the host and the potential relatedness of LAB virulence to their stress resilience have intensified interest in the field. Thus, a wealth of information concerning stress responses exists today for strains as diverse as starter (e.g.,Lactococcus lactis), probiotic (e.g., severalLactobacillusspp.), and pathogenic (e.g.,EnterococcusandStreptococcusspp.) LAB. Here we present the state of the art for LAB stress behavior. We describe the multitude of stresses that LAB are confronted with, and we present the experimental context used to study the stress responses of LAB, focusing on adaptation, habituation, and cross-protection as well as on self-induced multistress resistance in stationary phase, biofilms, and dormancy. We also consider stress responses at the population and single-cell levels. Subsequently, we concentrate on the stress defense mechanisms that have been reported to date, grouping them according to their direct participation in preserving cell energy, defending macromolecules, and protecting the cell envelope. Stress-induced responses of probiotic LAB and commensal/pathogenic LAB are highlighted separately due to the complexity of the peculiar multistress conditions to which these bacteria are subjected in their hosts. Induction of prophages under environmental stresses is then discussed. Finally, we present systems-based strategies to characterize the “stressome” of LAB and to engineer new food-related and probiotic LAB with improved stress tolerance.

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The pH-Dependent Expression of the Urease Operon in Streptococcus salivarius Is Mediated by CodY

Cited by 26 publications

References 40 publications

YMC-2011, a Temperate Phage of Streptococcus salivarius 57.I

YMC-2011, a Temperate Phage of Streptococcus salivarius 57.I

Beyond microbial community composition: functional activities of the oral microbiome in health and disease

Stress Physiology of Lactic Acid Bacteria

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