The permeability of the blood—brain barrier during electrically induced seizures in man

Bolwig, Tom G.; Hertz, Marianne M.; Paulson, Olaf B.; Spotoft, H.; Rafaelsen, Ole J.

doi:10.1111/j.1365-2362.1977.tb01578.x

Cited by 155 publications

(44 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Conceivably, the increased BrdU labeling associated with ECS could have resulted from enhanced cerebral availability of BrdU stemming from ECS-mediated increases in cerebral blood flow or disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) (Bolwig et al, 1977). To avoid this, we included a 72 h interval between the last seizure provocation and first BrdU injection, well beyond the duration of any systemic changes associated with ECS (Bolwig et al, 1977). Alternately, the increased labeling may have resulted from ECS-induced cell repair because BrdU is also taken up during DNA repair in nonmitotic cells (Nowakowski et al, 1989).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antidepressant-Induced Neurogenesis in the Hippocampus of Adult Nonhuman Primates

Perera¹,

Coplan²,

Lisanby³

et al. 2007

J. Neurosci.

396

266

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New neurons are generated in the adult hippocampus of many species including rodents, monkeys, and humans. Conditions associated with major depression, such as social stress, suppress hippocampal neurogenesis in rodents and primates. In contrast, all classes of antidepressants stimulate neuronal generation, and the behavioral effects of these medications are abolished when neurogenesis is blocked. These findings generated the hypothesis that induction of neurogenesis is a necessary component in the mechanism of action of antidepressant treatments. To date, the effects of antidepressants on newborn neurons have been reported only in rodents and tree shrews. This study examines whether neurogenesis is increased in nonhuman primates after antidepressant treatment. Adult monkeys received repeated electroconvulsive shock (ECS), which is the animal analog of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), the most effective short-term antidepressant. Compared with control conditions, ECS robustly increased precursor cell proliferation in the subgranular zone (SGZ) of the dentate gyrus in the monkey hippocampus. A majority of these precursors differentiated into neurons or endothelial cells, while a few matured into glial cells. The ECS-mediated induction of cell proliferation and neurogenesis was accompanied by increased immunoreactivity for the neuroprotective gene product BCL2 (B cell chronic lymphocytic lymphoma 2) in the SGZ. The ECS interventions were not accompanied by increased hippocampal cell death or injury. This study demonstrates that ECS is capable of inducing neurogenesis in the nonhuman primate hippocampus and supports the possibility that antidepressant interventions produce similar alterations in the human brain.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antidepressant-Induced Neurogenesis in the Hippocampus of Adult Nonhuman Primates

Perera¹,

Coplan²,

Lisanby³

et al. 2007

J. Neurosci.

396

266

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…The difference in intravascular properties can be minimized by choosing test and reference substances with intravascular properties as close to each other as possible. Valid corrections for the remaining small intravascular differences can be made by integrating appropriate parts of the dilution curves as described in previous publications (2)(3)(4)6). For substances with low extractions and low backdiffusion, this integration will comprise the upslope and most of the downslope of the curves, e.g., until 40% desaturation for substances with different interlaminar diffusion and until infinity for substances with different erythrocyte transport.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Furthermore, backdiffusion would result in a decrease of E(t) with t, whereas we observed the opposite. Intravascular separation (interlaminar diffusion and erythrocyte carriage) of the test and reference substances is an important phenomenon that influences the shape of the E(t) curves (2)(3)(4)6); this in turn influences the calculation of the average E considerably. In previous publications we mini-mized the influence of intravascular separation by using test and reference substances with closely matching intravascular properties and then calculating the average E by integrating a region of the outflow curves appropriate to test-reference substances used.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The indicator dilution method (1) has been widely used for the quantitative determination of capillary permeability and adapted for studies of the blood-brain barrier in man (2)(3)(4). We are using this method in a Received for publication 5 April 1979 and in revised form 19 December 1979. number of ongoing ivestigations (such as the effect of insulin on the cerebral uptake of glucose) and we have observed some basic features ofthe dilution and extraction curves indicating heterogeneity of the cerebral microcirculation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Heterogeneity of cerebral capillary flow in man and its consequences for estimation of blood-brain barrier permeability.

Hertz¹,

Paulson²

1980

J. Clin. Invest.

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A B S T R A C T Blood-brain barrier permeabilitv studies made in man using the indicator dilution method revealed that the extraction of the test substance increases during the upslope of the venous (outflow) dilution curve. The present study aimed to obviate the possibility that this could result from intravascular phenomena, such as interlaminar diffusion (the result of differences in molecular size) and erythrocyte carriage. Several reference substances were employed for the determination of the extraction in order that careful correction could be made for differences in intravascular behavior of the test and reference substance. The test substances studied were D-glucose, L-phenylalanine, water, propranolol, and benzodiazepines, representing both carrier-transported and lipophilic substances. In-diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid, Na+, C1-, L-glucose, and L-lysine were employed as reference substances.For all the substances tested, and after correction for intravascular phenomena, the extractions were found to increase during the initial part of the dilution curve. This increasing extraction can be ascribed to heterogeneity of the cerebral circulation; the higher extraction corresponds to longer contact with the blood-brain barrier and indicates a longer transit time. Signs of heterogeneity were also present when blood flow was elevated above normal. Any influence that heterogeneity might have on the mean extraction value can be minimized by using an appropriate calculation of

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“…Lack of adequate control of cardiocirculatory parameters may lead to long-lasting cognitive defects (24), mainly because of cerebral edema and the passage of neurotoxic macromolecules through the blood-brain barrier during cerebral hypoperfusion (25). The routine use of drugs that attenuate the hypertensive peak and tachycardia induced by electroconvulsive therapy is controversial and only recommended for patients with associated cardiovascular diseases (26,27).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of the cardiovascular effects of electroconvulsive therapy in individuals older than 50 years

Takada

Solimene

Luz

et al. 2005

Braz J Med Biol Res

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To evaluate the impact of electroconvulsive therapy on arterial blood pressure, heart rate, heart rate variability, and the occurrence of ischemia or arrhythmias, 38 (18 men) depressive patients free from systemic diseases, 50 to 83 years old (mean: 64.7 ± 8.6) underwent electroconvulsive therapy. All patients were studied with simultaneous 24-h ambulatory blood pressure and Holter monitoring, starting 18 h before and continuing for 3 h after electroconvulsive therapy. Blood pressure, heart rate, heart rate variability, arrhythmias, and ischemic episodes were recorded. Before each session of electroconvulsive therapy, blood pressure and heart rate were in the normal range; supraventricular ectopic beats occurred in all patients and ventricular ectopic beats in 27/38; 2 patients had non-sustained ventricular tachycardia. After shock, systolic, mean and diastolic blood pressure increased 29, 25, and 24% (P < 0.001), respectively, and returned to baseline values within 1 h. Maximum, mean and minimum heart rate increased 56, 52, and 49% (P < 0.001), respectively, followed by a significant decrease within 5 min; heart rate gradually increased again thereafter and remained elevated for 1 h. Analysis of heart rate variability showed increased sympathetic activity during shock with a decrease in both sympathetic and parasympathetic drive afterwards. No serious adverse effects occurred; electroconvulsive therapy did not trigger any malignant arrhythmias or ischemia. In middle-aged and elderly people free from systemic diseases, electroconvulsive therapy caused transitory increases in blood pressure and heart rate and a decrease in heart rate variability but these changes were not associated with serious adverse clinical events.

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The permeability of the blood—brain barrier during electrically induced seizures in man

Cited by 155 publications

References 13 publications

Antidepressant-Induced Neurogenesis in the Hippocampus of Adult Nonhuman Primates

Antidepressant-Induced Neurogenesis in the Hippocampus of Adult Nonhuman Primates

Heterogeneity of cerebral capillary flow in man and its consequences for estimation of blood-brain barrier permeability.

Assessment of the cardiovascular effects of electroconvulsive therapy in individuals older than 50 years

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