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FONSECA-ALANIZ, MIRIAM H., LUCIANA C. BRITO, CRISTINA N. BORGES-SILVA, JULIE TAKADA, SANDRA ANDREOTTI, AND FABIO B. LIMA. High dietary sodium intake increases white adipose tissue mass and plasma leptin in rats. Obesity. 2007;15:2200 -2208. Objective: Salt restriction has been reported to increase white adipose tissue (WAT) mass in rodents. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of different sodium content diets on the lipogenic and lipolytic activities of WAT. Research Methods and Procedures: Male Wistar rats were fed on normal-sodium (NS; 0.5% Na ϩ ), high-sodium (HS; 3.12% Na ϩ ), or low-sodium (LS; 0.06% Na ϩ ) diets for 3, 6, and 9 weeks after weaning. Blood pressure (BP) was measured using a computerized tail-cuff system. At the end of each period, rats were killed and blood samples were collected for leptin determinations. The WAT from abdominal and inguinal subcutaneous (SC), periepididymal (PE) and retroperitoneal (RP) depots was weighed and processed for adipocyte isolation, rate measurement of lipolysis and D-[U-14 C]-glucose incorporation into lipids, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) and malic enzyme activity evaluation, and determination of G6PDH and leptin mRNA expression. Results: After 6 weeks, HS diet significantly increased BP; SC, PE, and RP WAT masses; PE adipocyte size; plasma leptin concentration; G6PDH activity in SC WAT; and PE depots and malic activity only in SC WAT. The leptin levels correlated positively with WAT masses and adipocyte size. An increase in the basal and isoproterenol-stimulated lipolysis and in the ability to incorporate glucose into lipids was observed in isolated adipocytes from HS rats. Discussion: HS diet induced higher adiposity characterized by high plasma leptin concentration and adipocyte hypertrophy, probably due to an increased lipogenic capacity of WAT.

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RESUMOOs avanços da pesquisa sobre as propriedades metabólicas do tecido adiposo e as recentes descobertas sobre sua capacidade em produzir hormônios atuantes em processos fisiológicos e fisiopatológicos, estão revolucionando conceitos sobre a sua biologia. O seu envolvimento em processos como obesidade, diabetes mellitus tipo 2, hipertensão arterial, arteriosclerose, dislipidemias, processos inflamatórios agudos e crôni-cos, entre outros, indicam que a compreensão das suas propriedades funcionais contribuirão para melhorar o prognóstico daquelas doenças, cuja prevalência vem crescendo de forma preocupante. Nesta revisão, abordamos aspectos funcionais dos adipócitos, como o metabolismo, a participação na homeostase energética, a sua habilidade endócrina e a adipogênese, entendida como a capacidade de pré-adipócitos, presentes no parênquima do tecido, de se diferenciarem em novos adipó-citos e reconstituírem o tecido. Além disso, estamos incluindo estudos sobre as relações entre o tecido adiposo e a glândula pineal, aspecto novo e pouco conhecido, mas, como será visto, muito promissor da fisiologia do adipócito com possíveis repercussões favoráveis para a terapêutica das moléstias relacionadas com a obesidade. ABSTRACTThe Adipose Tissue as a Regulatory Center of the Metabolism. The recent progress in the research about the metabolic properties of the adipose tissue and the discovery of its ability to produce hormones that are very active in pathophysiologic as well as physiologic processes is rebuilding the concepts about its biology. Its involvement in conditions like obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, arterial hypertension, arteriosclerosis, dislipidemias and chronic and acute inflammatory processes indicate that the understanding of its functional capacities may contribute to improve the prognosis of those diseases whose prevalence increased in a preoccupying manner. Here we review some functional aspects of adipocytes, such as the metabolism, its influence on energy homeostasis, its endocrine ability and the adipogenesis, i.e., the potential of preadipocytes present in adipose tissue stroma to differentiate into new adipocytes and regenerate the tissue. In addition, we are including some studies on the relationship between the adipose tissue and the pineal gland, a new and poorly known, although, as will be seen, very promising aspect of adipocyte physiology together with its possible favorable repercussions to the therapy of the obesity related diseases.

Objectives: To describe the advances in research into the physiological role of white adipose tissue, with emphasis on its endocrinal role in inflammatory processes, feeding behavior, insulin sensitization and modulation of the atherogenetic process. To deal with the potential role of adipose tissue as a source of stem cells for regeneration of tissues, with special emphasis on adipogenesis and its consequences for development of obesity.Sources: Important information was compiled from the scientific literature in order that this analysis contains an explanatory synthesis of the aspects mentioned above. Summary of the findingsIn addition to its classical functions as primary metabolic energy store, meeting energy requirements during periods of deprivation by means of lypolisis, adipose tissue also has the capacity to synthesize and secrete a variety of hormones -the adipokines. These are active in a range of processes, such as control of nutritional intake (leptin) and control of sensitivity to insulin and inflammatory processes (TNF-α, IL-6, resistin, visfatin, adiponectin). Furthermore, since adipose tissue also contains undifferentiated cells, it has the ability to generate new adipocytes, regenerating its own tissue (adipogenesis), and also the ability to give rise to other cells (myoblasts, chondroblasts, osteoblasts), which has great therapeutic potential in the not-too-distant future. Conclusions:The range of functional possibilities of adipose tissue has widened. An understanding of these potentials could make this tissue a great ally in the fight against conditions that are currently assuming epidemic proportions (obesity, diabetes mellitus, arterial hypertension and arteriosclerosis) and in which adipose tissue is still seen as the enemy.J Pediatr (Rio J). 2007;83(5 Suppl):S192-203: Adipocyte, lipogenesis, lypolisis, adipokines adipogenesis.

Objective: This study investigated the effect of different sodium content diets on rat adipose tissue carbohydrate metabolism and insulin sensitivity. Methods and Procedures: Male Wistar rats were fed on normal-(0.5% Na + ; NS), high-(3.12% Na + ; HS), or low-sodium (0.06% Na + ; LS) diets for 3, 6, and 9 weeks after weaning. Blood pressure (BP) was measured using a computerized tail-cuff system. An intravenous insulin tolerance test (ivITT) was performed in fasted animals. At the end of each period, rats were killed and blood samples were collected for glucose and insulin determinations. The white adipose tissue (WAT) from abdominal and inguinal subcutaneous (SC) and periepididymal (PE) depots were weighed and processed for adipocyte isolation and measurement of in vitro rates of insulin-stimulated 2-deoxy-d-[ Results: After 6 weeks, HS diet significantly increased the BP, SC and PE WAT masses, PE adipocyte size, and plasma insulin concentration. The sodium dietary content did not influence the whole-body insulin sensitivity. A higher half-maximal effective insulin concentration (EC 50 ) from the dose-response curve of 2DGU and an increase in the insulin-stimulated glucose oxidation rate were observed in the isolated PE adipocytes from HS rats. Discussion: The chronic salt overload enhanced the adipocyte insulin sensitivity for glucose uptake and the insulin-induced glucose metabolization, contributing to promote adipocyte hypertrophy and increase the mass of several adipose depots, particularly the PE fat pad.

ance exercise training promotes important metabolic adaptations, and the adipose tissue is particularly affected. The aim of this study was to investigate how endurance exercise training modulates some aspects of insulin action in isolated adipocytes and in intact adipose tissue. Male Wistar rats were submitted to daily treadmill running (1 h/day) for 7 wk. Sedentary age-matched rats were used as controls. Final body weight, body weight gain, and epididymal fat pad weight did not show any statistical differences between groups. Adipocytes from trained rats were smaller than those from sedentary rats (205 Ϯ 16.8 vs. 286 Ϯ 26.4 pl; P Ͻ 0.05). Trained rats showed decreased plasma glucose (4.9 Ϯ 0.13 vs. 5.3 Ϯ 0.07 mM; P Ͻ 0.05) and insulin levels (0.24 Ϯ 0.012 vs. 0.41 Ϯ 0.049 mM; P Ͻ 0.05) and increased insulin-stimulated glucose uptake (23

The current study investigated the effects of chronic training and pinealectomy on the lipogenic and lipolytic activity of adipose tissue. Pinealectomized and sham-operated adult male Wistar rats were distributed in to four subgroups: pinealectomized untrained, pinealectomized trained, control untrained and control trained. At the end of the training period (8 wk) the rats were killed. Blood samples were collected for glucose, insulin and leptin determinations. Peri-epididymal adipocytes were isolated for measurement of in vitro rates of lipolysis and incorporation of substrates (D-[U-14C]-glucose, L-[U-14C]-lactate, [2-14C]-acetate and [1-14C]-palmitate) into lipids, and samples of epididymal adipose tissue were homogenized for evaluation of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase maximal activity. Pinealectomy resulted in a significantly increased lipolytic capacity in response to isoproterenol and a decrease in circulating leptin levels without affecting the rates of incorporation of different substrates into lipids. However, only in the intact control group did training promote a higher basal and isoproterenol-stimulated lipolysis, increase the incorporation of palmitate (esterification), decrease the incorporation of acetate (lipogenesis) into lipids and diminish circulating leptin levels. These effects of exercise training were not seen in pinealectomized rats. However, pinealectomized trained animals showed a marked reduction in lipolysis and an increased rate of acetate incorporation. In conclusion, we demonstrated for the first time that the pineal gland plays an important role in the regulation of lipid metabolism in such a way that its absence caused a severe alteration in the balance between lipogenesis and lipolysis, which becomes evident with the adaptation to exercise training.