“…24 So, in the summer season cooling of solar panels is required for improving the efficiency and power output. 6 Figure 12. Surface plot of module temperature at different solar flux.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The air is first cooled by a buried heat exchanger planted 3 ft below the earth's surface and then it is used for cooling the solar panel. 6 The direct and indirect are the two types of cooling approaches with different cooling fluids developed by the researchers. In the direct cooling arrangement, the cooling fluid is directly sprayed over the upper surface of the PV module.…”
The high temperature of the solar photovoltaic module reduced the power output and efficiency of the solar panel. Water cooling is one of the best options for reducing the temperature of solar panels. In this research paper, an experimental setup of solar panel with water cooling arrangements has been developed and optimized. The measured experimental data and data generated by model equations have been optimized by the Response Surface Methodology (RSM) tool in the Design of Experiment. The optimized responses are the efficiency of solar panels, module temperature (MT) of solar panel, and exergetic efficiency. The main input parameters solar flux, water inlet velocity, and atmospheric temperature varied from 600 W/m2 to 1000 W/m2, 0.5 to 0.9 m/s, and 25°C to 45°C, respectively. The best set of input parameters after optimization in RSM is 705 W/m2 solar flux, 0.7263 m/s water inlet velocity, and 32.87°C atmospheric temperature on which the values of responses MT, exergetic efficiency and solar panel efficiency are 48.98 °C, 19.18 %, and 18.88 % respectively. The experimental setup of solar panel cooling has been run on these input parameters setting and responses are validated with the predicted value of the RSM and the previous research. The calculated percentage error in MT is 2.41%, solar panel efficiency is 1.62%, and exergetic efficiency is 3.82%.
“…24 So, in the summer season cooling of solar panels is required for improving the efficiency and power output. 6 Figure 12. Surface plot of module temperature at different solar flux.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The air is first cooled by a buried heat exchanger planted 3 ft below the earth's surface and then it is used for cooling the solar panel. 6 The direct and indirect are the two types of cooling approaches with different cooling fluids developed by the researchers. In the direct cooling arrangement, the cooling fluid is directly sprayed over the upper surface of the PV module.…”
The high temperature of the solar photovoltaic module reduced the power output and efficiency of the solar panel. Water cooling is one of the best options for reducing the temperature of solar panels. In this research paper, an experimental setup of solar panel with water cooling arrangements has been developed and optimized. The measured experimental data and data generated by model equations have been optimized by the Response Surface Methodology (RSM) tool in the Design of Experiment. The optimized responses are the efficiency of solar panels, module temperature (MT) of solar panel, and exergetic efficiency. The main input parameters solar flux, water inlet velocity, and atmospheric temperature varied from 600 W/m2 to 1000 W/m2, 0.5 to 0.9 m/s, and 25°C to 45°C, respectively. The best set of input parameters after optimization in RSM is 705 W/m2 solar flux, 0.7263 m/s water inlet velocity, and 32.87°C atmospheric temperature on which the values of responses MT, exergetic efficiency and solar panel efficiency are 48.98 °C, 19.18 %, and 18.88 % respectively. The experimental setup of solar panel cooling has been run on these input parameters setting and responses are validated with the predicted value of the RSM and the previous research. The calculated percentage error in MT is 2.41%, solar panel efficiency is 1.62%, and exergetic efficiency is 3.82%.
“…The same quantitative value with Russia is occupied by the following countries: Bulgaria, Cyprus, Greece. The international digital economy and society index includes the following sub-indices: connectivity, human capital, Internet use, digital technology integration, digital public services [12]. The strongest side of Russia is the sphere associated with human capital, and the integration of digital technologies is still at a low level and is the weakest spot in the Russian digital economy [8].…”
Based on the latest statistics, an analysis of indicators, indices and sub-indices wasmade, showing the level of development of information and communication technologies in the world, and a comparative description of Russia with the leading countries was carried out. Using methods of analysis, comparison, induction and decomposition, it is possible to determine which areas of the Russian digital economy are successfully implemented and competitive, and which suffer and need support. The process of global digitalization has been started. In order to reach a higher level of development, it is necessary to increase the share of activities in the field of information in relation to GDP.
“…The experimental results showed that the water cooling was the best cooling option for PV module under Egyptian climate conditions. An experimental work has been carried out to investigate the effect of geothermal air cooling on the PV module behavior by Elminshawy et al (2019) where the results showed that both power and efficiency of PV module were improved. Bahaidarah et al (2013) employed water cooling for PV cells as shown in Fig.…”
Photovoltaic (PV) panels are one of the most important solar energy sources used to convert the sun’s radiation falling on them into electrical power directly. Many factors affect the functioning of photovoltaic panels, including external factors and internal factors. External factors such as wind speed, incident radiation rate, ambient temperature, and dust accumulation on the PV cannot be controlled. The internal factors can be controlled, such as PV surface temperature. Some of the radiation falling on the surface of the PV cell turns into electricity, while the remainder of incident radiation is absorbed inside the PV cell. This, in turn, elevates its surface temperature. Undesirably, the higher panel temperature, the lower conversion performance, and lesser reliability over the long term occur. Hence, many cooling systems have been designed and investigated, aiming to effectively avoid the excessive temperature rise and enhance their efficiency. Many cooling methods are used to cool solar cells, such as passive cooling, active cooling, cooling with phase change materials (PCMs), and cooling with PCM with other additives such as nanoparticles or porous metal. In this work, the common methods utilized for cooling PV panels are reviewed and analyzed, focusing on the last methods, and summarizing all the researches that dealt with cooling PV solar cells with PCM and porous structures.
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