The ductile damage mechanisms dominating in modern high-strength steels have emphasised the significance of the onset of damage and the subsequent damage evolution in sheet metal forming processes. This paper contributes to the modelling of the plasticity and ductile damage behaviour of a dual-phase steel sheet by proposing a new damage mechanics approach derived from the combination of different types of damage models. It addresses the influence of stress state on the plasticity behaviour and onset of damage of materials, and quantifies the microstructure degradation using a dissipation-energy-based damage evolution law. The model is implemented into ABAQUS/Explicit by means of a user material subroutine (VUMAT) and applied to the subsequent numerical simulations. A hybrid experimental and numerical approach is employed to calibrate the material parameters, and the detailed program is demonstrated. The calibrated parameters and the model are then verified by experiments at different levels, and a good agreement between the experimental and numerical results is achieved.
Photovoltaic (PV) panels are one of the most important solar energy sources used to convert the sun’s radiation falling on them into electrical power directly. Many factors affect the functioning of photovoltaic panels, including external factors and internal factors. External factors such as wind speed, incident radiation rate, ambient temperature, and dust accumulation on the PV cannot be controlled. The internal factors can be controlled, such as PV surface temperature. Some of the radiation falling on the surface of the PV cell turns into electricity, while the remainder of incident radiation is absorbed inside the PV cell. This, in turn, elevates its surface temperature. Undesirably, the higher panel temperature, the lower conversion performance, and lesser reliability over the long term occur. Hence, many cooling systems have been designed and investigated, aiming to effectively avoid the excessive temperature rise and enhance their efficiency. Many cooling methods are used to cool solar cells, such as passive cooling, active cooling, cooling with phase change materials (PCMs), and cooling with PCM with other additives such as nanoparticles or porous metal. In this work, the common methods utilized for cooling PV panels are reviewed and analyzed, focusing on the last methods, and summarizing all the researches that dealt with cooling PV solar cells with PCM and porous structures.
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