The Pediatric Inventory for Parents: Development of a short‐form in fathers of children with type 1 diabetes (T1D)

Abstract

Background The Pediatric Inventory for Parents (PIP) is a 42‐item measure of paediatric parenting stress that results in 84 responses. Although this measure has been extensively validated, the number of items in the instrument may hinder clinical applicability. Methods The current study reports on the development of a short‐form of the PIP using data from 344 fathers of children with type 1 diabetes. Recommendations for short‐form development as well as item response theory (IRT) were used to construct a 13‐item PIP Short‐Form that results in 26 responses. Results The retained items were chosen to reflect the content domains of the original form of the PIP and demonstrated acceptable item fit under the partial credit model (PCM; Infit and Outfit indices closest to one and items with thresholds across the span of the latent trait). Conclusions The PIP Short‐Form may allow health care professionals to more feasibly assess paediatric parenting stress among parents of children with chronic health conditions. Future studies are needed to validate this new short‐form.

Psychometric properties of parental stress scales used in paediatric health care settings: A systematic review1

“…Eleven instruments were identified, seven of which were specifically designed to measure parental stress in the healthcare setting: the Parental Stressor Scale: Paediatric Intensive Care Unit (PSS:PICU) (Alzawad et al., 2020; Carter & Miles, 1989; Rei & Fong, 1996; Yacoub et al., 2013; Yam et al., 2004); the abbreviated 7‐item version of the PSS:PICU (A‐PSS:PICU) (Rodríguez‐Rey & Alonso‐Tapia, 2016); the Parental Stressor Scale: General Paediatric Care Unit (PSS:GCU) (Agazio & Buckley, 2012); the Parental Stressor Scale Infant Hospitalisation (PSSIH) (Navarro‐Tapia et al., 2019); the Parental Stressor Scale: Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (PSS: NICU) (Aftyka et al., 2019; Barr, 2017; Domínguez‐Martínez & Cortés‐Escárcega, 2019; Franck et al., 2005; Masri et al., 2019; Månsson et al., 2016; Miles et al., 1993; Montirosso et al., 2012; Souza et al., 2011; Turan & Başbakkal, 2006); the Neonatal Unit Parental Stress scale (NUPS) (Reid et al., 2007); and the Paediatric Inventory for Parents (PIP) (Casaña‐Granell et al., 2018; Del Rincón et al., 2007; Larson et al., 2020; Olsson et al., 2018; Streisand et al., 2001). Also included were four generic instruments for measuring parental stress, adapted and validated for use in the healthcare setting: the Parental Stress Index (PSI) (Pereira et al., 2016) and its abbreviated version the Parental Stress Index‐Short Form (PSI‐SF) (Çekiç & Hamamcı, 2017; Dardas & Ahmad, 2013; Park & Chae, 2020; Touchèque et al., 2016; Yeh et al., 2001; Zaidman‐Zait et al., 2010); the Parental Stress Scale (PSS) (Leung & Tsang, 2010; Nielsen et al., 2020; Park et al., 2021; Zelman & Ferro, 2018); and the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) (Remor, 2006).…”

“…The studies were published between 1989 and 2021. In terms of language of publication, 12 were in English (Agazio & Buckley, 2012; Alzawad et al., 2020; Barr, 2017; Carter & Miles, 1989; Franck et al., 2005; Larson et al., 2020; Miles et al., 1993; Reid et al., 2007; Rodríguez‐Rey & Alonso‐Tapia, 2016; Streisand et al., 2001; Zaidman‐Zait et al., 2010; Zelman & Ferro, 2018); seven in Spanish (Casaña‐Granell et al., 2018; Del Rincón et al., 2007; Domínguez‐Martínez & Cortés‐Escárcega, 2019; Navarro‐Tapia et al., 2019; Remor, 2006; Rei & Fong, 1996; Rodríguez‐Rey & Alonso‐Tapia, 2016); three in Chinese (Leung & Tsang, 2010; Yam et al., 2004; Yeh et al., 2001); two in Portuguese (Pereira et al., 2016; Souza et al., 2011); two in Korean (Park et al., 2021; Park & Chae, 2020); two in Turkish (Çekiç & Hamamcı, 2017; Turan & Başbakkal, 2006); three in Arabic (Dardas & Ahmad, 2013; Masri et al., 2019; Yacoub et al., 2013); three in German (Nielsen et al., 2020; Urlesberger et al., 2016; Vrijmoet‐Wiersma et al., 2010); two in Swedish (Olsson et al., 2018; Månsson et al., 2016); one in French (Touchèque et al., 2016); one in Polish (Aftyka et al., 2019); and one in Italian (Montirosso et al., 2012). In all of them, the study population was parents of paediatric patients facing an illness or hospitalisation.…”

“…For these reasons, the OR was ‘ sufficient’ , and in most articles the MQ was ‘ doubtful’ and the QoE ‘ low’ . Three studies assessed the PIP's structural validity (Casaña‐Granell et al., 2018; Larson et al., 2020; Vrijmoet‐Wiersma et al., 2010), one of which (Casaña‐Granell et al., 2018) performed a CFA with a good statistical fit and sample size, obtaining an MQ of ‘very good’ . The OR for structural validity was ‘sufficient’ and the QoE ‘high’ .…”

Development and validation of a questionnaire to measure the congenital heart disease of children’s family stressor

“…Streisand et al ( 20 ) developed the Pediatric Inventory for Parents (PIP) to measure parental stressors consisting of 42 items and four dimensions. PIP have been applied in many chronic diseases, including cancer, inflammatory bowel disease and type I diabetes, and demonstrated good reliability and validity ( 21 ). Katie et al ( 22 ) developed the Pediatric Parenting Stress Inventory (PPSI) based on a literature review and clinical experience to identify problems and disease-related stressors experienced by parents of children with severe illness, which consists of 45-item and five dimensions.…”