The pectoralis major tendon as a reference for restoring humeral length and retroversion with hemiarthroplasty for fracture

Arthroscopic Suprapectoral and Open Subpectoral Biceps Tenodesis: A Comparison of Restoration of Length-Tension and Mechanical Strength Between Techniques

“…This finding was confirmed in an additional study, which reported an average of 5.64 cm. 45 The tenodesis location achieved in the described arthroscopic suprapectoral technique represents a location within 1 cm of the superior border of the pectoralis major tendon, indicating reliable placement at the desired suprapectoral location.…”

Proximal humeral fractures in younger patients: fixation techniques and arthroplasty

“…5 Several methods have been developed for restoring humeral height, including use of the pectoralis major tendon and the radiographic ''Gothic arch''. 7,27,50 Often in younger patients with high-energy trauma producing extensive comminution or distal fracture extension, these measurements relying on the medial calcar and its attachments may not be feasible. For this reason, prior to surgery, we obtain scaled radiographs of both the injured and uninjured humeri to delineate normal humeral height and head size.…”

Evaluation and Management of Proximal Humerus Fractures

“…Torrens and colleagues confirmed this relationship and added that hemiarthroplasty rotation could also be estimated based on the insertion of this tendon [6]. Specifically, the authors found that the anatomy of the proximal humerus can be restored by placing the prosthesis 5.6 cm above the upper insertion of the pectoralis major [6].…”

“…Specifically, the authors found that the anatomy of the proximal humerus can be restored by placing the prosthesis 5.6 cm above the upper insertion of the pectoralis major [6]. Additionally, the authors found the distance from the upper margin of the pectoralis major insertion to be 17.55% of the total humeral length.…”