The PCRaster Software and Course Materials for Teaching Numerical Modelling in the Environmental Sciences

Karssenberg, Derek; Burrough, P.A.; Sluiter, Raymond; Jong, Kees de

doi:10.1111/1467-9671.00070

Cited by 73 publications

(57 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…The PcRaster scripting model environment consists of a wide range of analytical functions for manipulating Raster GIS maps (Karssenberg et al, 2001). It uses a dynamic script to analyse hydrological processes in a spatial environment.…”

Section: Model Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modelling stream flow and quantifying blue water using a modified STREAM model for a heterogeneous, highly utilized and data-scarce river basin in Africa

Kiptala

Mul

Mohamed

et al. 2014

Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci.

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Abstract. Integrated water resources management is a combination of managing blue and green water resources. Often the main focus is on the blue water resources, as information on spatially distributed evaporative water use is not as readily available as the link to river flows. Physically based, spatially distributed models are often used to generate this kind of information. These models require enormous amounts of data, which can result in equifinality, making them less suitable for scenario analyses. Furthermore, hydrological models often focus on natural processes and fail to account for anthropogenic influences. This study presents a spatially distributed hydrological model that has been developed for a heterogeneous, highly utilized and data-scarce river basin in eastern Africa. Using an innovative approach, remote-sensingderived evapotranspiration and soil moisture variables for 3 years were incorporated as input data into the Spatial Tools for River basin Environmental Analysis and Management (STREAM) model. To cater for the extensive irrigation water application, an additional blue water component (Q b ) was incorporated in the STREAM model to quantify irrigation water use. To enhance model parameter identification and calibration, three hydrological landscapes (wetlands, hillslope and snowmelt) were identified using field data. The model was calibrated against discharge data from five gauging stations and showed good performance, especially in the simulation of low flows, where the Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency of the natural logarithm (E ns_ln ) of discharge were greater than 0.6 in both calibration and validation periods. At the outlet, the E ns_ln coefficient was even higher (0.90). During low flows, Q b consumed nearly 50 % of the river flow in the basin. The Q b model result for irrigation was comparable to the field-based net irrigation estimates, with less than 20 % difference. These results show the great potential of developing spatially distributed models that can account for supplementary water use. Such information is important for water resources planning and management in heavily utilized catchment areas. Model flexibility offers the opportunity for continuous model improvement when more data become available.

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Section: Model Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modelling stream flow and quantifying blue water using a modified STREAM model for a heterogeneous, highly utilized and data-scarce river basin in Africa

Kiptala

Mul

Mohamed

et al. 2014

Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci.

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“…The water is routed between the cells by applying the singleflow direction algorithm (D8), which is suitable for a mountainous test site where water flow direction is dominated by the steepest gradient. It is coded within the GIS PC-Raster (Karssenberg et al, 2001) that offers a dynamic modelling language. Some modules were adapted from the literature and modified for the specific circumstances at the test site.…”

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confidence: 99%

Quantifying the impact of land-use changes at the event and seasonal time scale using a process-oriented catchment model

Ott

Uhlenbrook

2004

Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci.

109

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For optimal protection and integrated management of water resources, it is essential to quantify the impact of land-use change on hydrological regimes at various scales. Using the process-based catchment model TAC D (tracer aided catchment model, distributed) two land-use scenarios were analysed for the rural and mountainous Dreisam basin (258 km 2 ): (i) an increase in urban area from 2.5% to 5%) and (2) a change in a natural land-use to a different kind of forest. The first scenario was executed using the land-use change modelling kit LUCK, which takes into account the topology of land-use patterns in their true positions. The TAC D model simulated all hydrological processes both spatially and temporally (200 m × 200 m grid, hourly mode). For this study, physically-based modules for interception and evapotranspiration (Penman and Monteith approach) were introduced. The model was applied to the Dreisam basin with minimal calibration. Both an independent validation period and discharge in four nested sub-basins were modelled well without recalibration. Evapotranspiration patterns were simulated, successfully, both temporally and spatially. Increased urbanisation had an insignificant effect on the modelled single events and on the yearly water balance. Simulations of discharge from forest assuming natural land-use conditions indicated an increase in transpiration, a decrease in groundwater recharge and, consequently, in groundwater discharge (15%), in surface water discharge (4%), and in flood peaks (22.7% and 7.3% for convective and advective floods, respectively). Land-use impact was also investigated by applying rainfall scenarios of different durations (12, 24, 48, and 72 hours), magnitudes (recurrence intervals of 1, 5, and 10 years) and distributions of rainfall intensity, i.e. maximum intensity at the beginning, middle or end of the event. Clearly, the intensity distribution has a greater influence on the simulated events than different land use scenarios. This indicated the importance of careful determination of the temporal intensity distribution for flood peak predictions. The use of the process-based model enabled analysis of the altered composition of internal runoff components. This demonstrated the potentially significant local effects of land-use change on flood runoff and water quality.

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“…The model uses a flexible time step based on a CFL (Courant-Friedrichs-Levy) condition in order to maintain the stability of the solution throughout the simulation (Begueria et al 2009). The model aims to create a user-friendly and practical environment while modeling by making its implementation in the open source GIS PCRaster (Karssenberg et al 2001).…”

Section: Model Descriptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

ASCHFLOW - A dynamic landslide run-out model for medium scale hazard analysis

Luna

Blahůt

Asch

et al. 2016

Geoenviron Disasters

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Background: Landslides hazard analyses entail a scale-dependent approach in order to mitigate accordingly the damages and other negative consequences at the respective scales of occurrence. Medium or large scale landslide run-out modelling for many possible landslide initiation areas has been a very difficult task in the past. This arises from the inability of the run-out models to compute the displacement with a large amount of individual initiation areas as it turns out to be computationally strenuous. Most of the existing physically based run-out models have difficulties in handling such situations. For this reason, empirical methods have been used as a practical mean to predict landslides mobility at a medium scale (1: 10,000 to 1: 50,000). They are the most widely used techniques to estimate the maximum run-out distance and affected zones not only locally but also regionally. In this context, a medium scale numerical model for flow-like mass movements in urban and mountainous areas was developed.

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The PCRaster Software and Course Materials for Teaching Numerical Modelling in the Environmental Sciences

Cited by 73 publications

References 4 publications

Modelling stream flow and quantifying blue water using a modified STREAM model for a heterogeneous, highly utilized and data-scarce river basin in Africa

Modelling stream flow and quantifying blue water using a modified STREAM model for a heterogeneous, highly utilized and data-scarce river basin in Africa

Quantifying the impact of land-use changes at the event and seasonal time scale using a process-oriented catchment model

ASCHFLOW - A dynamic landslide run-out model for medium scale hazard analysis

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