The Pathogenesis of the Diabetic Foot Ulcer: Prevention and Management

Rebolledo, Francisco Aguilar; Soto, Jeanette; Peña, Jorge Escobedo de la

doi:10.5772/30325

Cited by 13 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 39 publications

(15 reference statements)

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“…Although DM and diabetic complications are metabolic diseases, one of the essential causes is tissue injury. For example, auto-antibodies destroy b cells, causing insulin secretion deficiency; lipid mediates activation of macrophages to prominent proinflammatory cytokines and induces insulin resistance (169,170); chronic high glucose levels and insulin resistance cause increased fatty acid metabolism; the reduced myofilament Ca + sensitivity, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, apoptosis, and fibrosis induce endothelial cell apoptosis, cardiomyopathy (30,31,(34)(35)(36), and neuropathy; and chronic high glucose levels and working strength induce glomerular injury and renal fibrosis (29,76). Based on reported evidence, exosomes can potentially repair tissue injury.…”

Section: The Advantages Of Exosomes In Regulating the Glucose Metabolism In Diabetes Mellitus And Resolving Diabetic Complicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the retina, microvessel apoptosis and paraplasm may also result in microaneurysms and hemorrhage, which are diagnosed as diabetic retinopathy and finally cause vision loss ( 30 ). Poor glucose control induces peripheral neuropathy and peripheral vascular disease combined with structural deformities, and environmental factors and compromised immunity lead to the development of diabetic foot ( 31 ).…”

Section: Exosomes As the Potential Biomarkers Of Diabetes Mellitus And Diabetic Complicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Physiologically, exosomes can repair tissue damage, particularly exosomes derived from stem cells (7,20,26,27). Pancreatic, vascular, kidney, nervous, and skin injuries are commonly associated with DM onset and diabetic complications (28)(29)(30)(31). Exosomes can physiologically contribute to the repair of such injuries.…”

Section: Introduction To and Characterization Of Exosomesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Utility of Exosomes in Diagnosis and Therapy of Diabetes Mellitus and Associated Complications

Tao

Zhang

et al. 2021

Front. Endocrinol.

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Diabetes mellitus and the associated complications are metabolic diseases with high morbidity that result in poor quality of health and life. The lack of diagnostic methods for early detection results in patients losing the best treatment opportunity. Oral hypoglycemics and exogenous insulin replenishment are currently the most common therapeutic strategies, which only yield temporary glycemic control rather than curing the disease and its complications. Exosomes are nanoparticles containing bioactive molecules reflecting individual physiological status, regulating metabolism, and repairing damaged tissues. They function as biomarkers of diabetes mellitus and diabetic complications. Considering that exosomes are bioactive molecules, can be obtained from body fluid, and have cell-type specificity, in this review, we highlight the multifold effects of exosomes in the pathology and therapy of diabetes mellitus and diabetic complications.

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Section: The Advantages Of Exosomes In Regulating the Glucose Metabolism In Diabetes Mellitus And Resolving Diabetic Complicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Exosomes As the Potential Biomarkers Of Diabetes Mellitus And Diabetic Complicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introduction To and Characterization Of Exosomesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Utility of Exosomes in Diagnosis and Therapy of Diabetes Mellitus and Associated Complications

Tao

Zhang

et al. 2021

Front. Endocrinol.

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“…La infección Se suman como colaterales los cuidados y tratamientos inadecuados, además de que en 40% de los casos se asocia a enfermedad vascular periférica (EVP). 4 Esto permite que se concentren las fuerzas de descarga de peso y aumente la presión del pie. En un pie con neuropatía, que no siente y no identifica tempranamente el problema por la insensibilidad causada por la neuropatía sensorial, conduce a la úlcera, la potencial infección y el riesgo de una desafortunada amputación parcial o total.…”

Section: «Después De Perder Una Extremidad Ya Nada Es Igual»unclassified

Clasificaciones y técnicas para evaluar lesiones del pie diabético. Recomendaciones: Parte 1 de 5

Castellanos¹,

Rebolledo²

2021

Plasticidad Y Restauración Neurológica

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“…These include decreased visual acuity, limited range of motion (ROM), shoe incompatibility, edema, and decreased somatosensory perception. [4][5][6][7] In a multivariate meta-analysis review of factors predicting lower extremity wounds, the important clinical predictors were age, sex, duration of diabetes, vibration perception threshold, monofilament, pulse rate, anklebrachial index, peak plantar pressure, and foot deformity. 8,9 Diabetic foot lesions remain a medical, social, and economic problem in many countries, 3 with approximately 25% of the patients with diabetes developing lower extremity wounds during their lifetime and up to 2% requiring amputations.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prediction of callus and ulcer development in patients with diabetic peripheral neuropathy by isosceles triangle-forming tuning fork

et al. 2022

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Objectives: Tuning fork vibration sensation testing is widely used as a diagnostic test to detect diabetic neuropathy. However, evidence-based literature indicates that reliability between examiners is low. Attaching isosceles triangle diagrams on tuning forks lowers the discrepancy between examiners. This study aimed to analyze the relationship between vibration sensation measurement using an improved tuning fork and the presence of callus and wound development in patients with diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Methods: Participants included 56 general older adults and 52 patients with diabetic peripheral neuropathy. The methods included confirmation of the presence or absence of callus, range of motion of the ankle and the first metatarsophalangeal joint, vibratory sensitivity of the medial malleolus and the dorsal aspect of the first distal phalanx using an improved tuning fork, and touch-pressure sensitivity of the plantar aspect of the hallux. Patients with diabetic peripheral neuropathy were followed up for 3 years to check for the presence or absence of wounds. Results: When compared with the general older adults, the patients with diabetic peripheral neuropathy had significantly lower touch-pressure sensitivity ( p < 0.01), vibratory sensitivity at the distal phalanx ( p < 0.01) and medial malleolus ( p < 0.01), ankle dorsiflexion range of motion ( p < 0.01), and metatarsophalangeal joint extension range of motion ( p < 0.01). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve with callus formation was 0.93 for the medial malleolus and 0.96 for the distal phalanx, indicating that the accuracy of the distal phalanx was higher ( p < 0.01) than the medial malleolus. According to the Cox proportional hazard analysis, the vibratory sensitivity of the distal phalanx was a significant risk factor for ulcer development ( p < 0.05). Conclusion: These findings suggest that the vibration sensation test, which we improved via the technique described in this study, is useful for predicting the occurrence of callus and ulcer.

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The Pathogenesis of the Diabetic Foot Ulcer: Prevention and Management

Cited by 13 publications

References 39 publications

The Utility of Exosomes in Diagnosis and Therapy of Diabetes Mellitus and Associated Complications

The Utility of Exosomes in Diagnosis and Therapy of Diabetes Mellitus and Associated Complications

Clasificaciones y técnicas para evaluar lesiones del pie diabético. Recomendaciones: Parte 1 de 5

Prediction of callus and ulcer development in patients with diabetic peripheral neuropathy by isosceles triangle-forming tuning fork

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