The Pathogenesis of Index Myopia in Hyperglycemia in Type 2 Diabetes: A Review

Umezurike, Benedict C.; Udeala, Okechukwu; Green, Uzoamaka G.; Okpechi-Agbo, Ugonma; Ohaeri, Maureen U.

doi:10.9734/or/2018/42436

Cited by 2 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…A 1997 study reported in the Journal of American Medical Association, demonstrated a 40% increase in the incidence of ocular hypertension and open-angle glaucoma in adults who require approximately 14 to 35 puffs of steroid inhaler to control asthma. This very high dose was only required in cases of severe asthma [37,38].…”

Section: Steroid Usersmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Individuals with DM have an approximately 1.4fold increased risk of developing POAG in cohort studies, while they have an about 49% increased odds of developing POAG, in case-control studies, compared with individuals without DM [39]. Again, DM affects several organs of the body as well as the oculo-visual apparatus of the eye in several forms [38]. It is a leading cause of visual impairment and blindness with glaucoma [40,38].…”

Section: Diabetesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Again, DM affects several organs of the body as well as the oculo-visual apparatus of the eye in several forms [38]. It is a leading cause of visual impairment and blindness with glaucoma [40,38].…”

Section: Diabetesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It reassures patients on routine activities and meaningful living. Counseling guides consistency with prescription drugs, strict adherence to drug adjustments and the importance of regular follow-up visit [38]. However, education on the asymptomatic nature of POAG, its progression, the irreversible visual loss and the need for drug compliance is important [59].…”

Section: Counselling and Educationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Primary Open Angle Glaucoma: The Pathophysiolgy, Mechanisms, Future Diagnostic and Therapeutic Directions

Umezurike¹,

Akhimien²,

Udeala

et al. 2019

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Primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) is a multifactorial chronic optic neuropathy, characterized by progressive loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGC), leading to structural damage to the optic nerve head (ONH), retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL), with visual field defects. It is occasioned by major risk factors of high intraocular pressure (IOP) and age. The pathogenesis of POAG is the imbalance between the production and drainage of the aqueous humour (AH). The resultant fluid back-up increases the IOP with consequent optic nerve damage, causing POAG. Modern diagnosis, using scanning laser polarimetry (SLP), confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (CSLO), optical coherence tomography (OCT) etc, plays a vital role in the assessment of the ONH, RNFL and the macular, in POAG. OCT operates on the principles of interferometery, utilizing light beams and their pattern of back-scattering, to build high resolution cross-sectional images of ocular tissues. It gives an objective evaluation of structural alterations in the ONH or macular area of the retina in vivo. POAG is managed medically using classes of drugs like α-adrenergic agonists, beta-adrenergic receptor antagonist, prostaglandin agonists, carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, ccholinergic agonists etc. Surgical intervention is indicated with laser or incisional surgeries, when medical option fails. Future pharmacotherapeutic directions in POAG management consider transgenic model, genetic model, neuroregeneration (stem cell technique), neurodegeneration (Seeing glaucoma as a neurologic disorder much like in Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases and the mechanisms that cause the degeneration of RGCs), autoimmune response and T-cell autoimmune response attack.

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Section: Steroid Usersmentioning

confidence: 99%