“…In support of the cleavage transformation hypothesis (Hooghe et al 2004;Kriesi et al 2008Kriesi et al , 2012Marks and Wilson 2000), we show in different contexts that party competition is constrained by ideology (Hoeglinger 2015;Schmidtke 2015;Wonka 2015). These ideational preferences of constituencies are considered to be shaped by macro-processes like globalisation and migration (Kriesi et al 2008(Kriesi et al , 2012, dominant policies enacted by the EU, i.e.…”