The parasite‐host relationship between Encarsia formosa (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) and Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae)

Nell, H. W.; Lelie, L. A. Sevenster-van der; Woets, J.; Lenteren, J.C. van

doi:10.1111/j.1439-0418.1976.tb04249.x

Cited by 62 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…A newly emerged E. formosa (< 3 h) reared on T. vaporariorum or B. tabaci was introduced onto a detached tomato leaf with 40 third instars of T. vaporariorum or B. tabaci. The third instars of T. vaporariorum or B. tabaci were selected as attacked hosts because they are preferred for parasitism and host feeding by E. formosa ( Nell et al 1976 , Zang and Liu 2008 ). …”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of rearing host species on the host-feeding capacity and parasitism of the whitefly parasitoid Encarsia formosa

Dai

Ruan

Zang

et al. 2014

Journal of Insect Science

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Parasitoids of the Encarsia genus (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) are important biological control agents against whiteflies. Some of the species in this genus not only parasitize their hosts, but also kill them through host feeding. The whitefly parasitoid, Encarsia formosa Gahan, was examined to determine whether the rearing host species affects its subsequent host-feeding capacity and parasitism. E. formosa wasps were reared on Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) and Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) ‘Q’, and their subsequent host-feeding capacity and parasitism of T. vaporariorum and B. tabaci were examined. E. formosa reared on T. vaporariorum were significantly larger in body size than those reared on B. tabaci , but these wasps killed a similar number of whitefly nymphs by host feeding when they attacked the same host species on which they were reared. Regardless of the species on which it was reared, E. formosa fed significantly more on the B. tabaci nymphs than on the T. vaporariorum nymphs. The number of whitefly nymphs parasitized by E. formosa differed between the wasps reared on T. vaporariorum and those reared on B. tabaci depending on which whitefly species was offered as a host. In addition, the wasps reared on T. vaporariorum parasitized significantly more on T. vaporariorum than those reared on B. tabaci . The wasps reared on B. tabaci , however, parasitized similar numbers of whiteflies of both host species. The results indicated that the host-feeding capacity of E. formosa was affected more by the host species attacked than by the rearing host species, but the parasitism was affected by the host species attacked and the rearing host species. Generally, E. formosa reared on T. vaporariorum killed more T. vaporariorum nymphs by parasitism and host feeding than those reared on B. tabaci. Additionally, a similar number of B. tabaci nymphs were killed by parasitism and host feeding regardless of the rearing host species. Currently coexistence of B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum on vegetable crops usually occurs in some areas; our results may provide helpful information on using mass-reared parasitoids against mixed whitefly infestations in biological control programs.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of rearing host species on the host-feeding capacity and parasitism of the whitefly parasitoid Encarsia formosa

Dai

Ruan

Zang

et al. 2014

Journal of Insect Science

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“…Another possibility is that E. formosa fed on the T. vaporariorum nymphs. Previous research has shown that E. formosa feeds on all stages of T. vaporariorum, especially more frequently on second and late fourth instars than on first and third instars [46], while preferring third and early fourth instars for oviposition [47]. Previous studies have focused on combining insecticides with biocontrol agents, applied as low-dose insecticides and predators, achieving good control effects [24,25,48,49].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Precise Control and Prevention Methods for Whitefly in Greenhouse Vegetables

Dai,

Lin,

Liu

et al. 2024

Agronomy

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Trialeurodes vaporariorum Westwood (greenhouse whitefly) are worldwide polyphagous pests of economic importance that damage solanaceous vegetables. Neonicotinoid pesticides and parasitoid Encarsia formmosa Gahan are the main management strategies applied worldwide, but precise control methods in greenhouse vegetables need to be developed to reduce the application amounts of pesticides and improve the suppression of whitefly populations. Therefore, we assessed the indoor acute toxicities and risk assessment of neonicotinoids for T. vaporariorum and E. formosa adults and pupae and compared the control effects of E. formosa and neonicotinoid acetamiprid. According to the acute toxicities results, most neonicotinoid insecticides were more toxic to E. formosa than T. vaporariorum, and pupae were much less susceptible than adults of both species. Moreover, acetamiprid had a low risk effect on E. formosa. Sole application of E. formosa and acetamiprid could effectively control T. vaporariorum, but their combined application resulted in antagonistic effects on the control of T. vaporariorum. The results showed that a combined application or sole use of E. formosa could reduce the use of insecticides, slow down the development of insecticide resistance in whiteflies, and improve the efficiency of controlling the growth of whitefly populations in greenhouse vegetable production.

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“…Although no significant association was observed between parasitoid E. hitam and eggplant parameters in this study, it is noteworthy to mention that parasitisation rate by Trichogramma turkestanica is low when the host plant has higher number of leaves and thus dense canopy [31]. This is probably due to the reduction in prey searching ability and simple plant structure means parasitoids will search for their prey easily [42,53].…”

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confidence: 84%

Prediction of Whitefly Population and Infestation Based on Multitrophic Analysis between Competitor Pest, Plant Traits and Natural Enemy

Zaini¹,

Mazran²,

Rawi³

et al. 2019

JAST-A

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Interaction among arthropods (insect-acarine) was investigated at all trophic levels in agro-ecosystem and affects the population dynamic and diversification of arthropod pests and intensity of natural enemy (parasitism) as well as stimulates the plant chemical defence. In the present study of two cropping periods, nutrient concentration and early infestation of plant-sucking pests are known to trigger different degrees of interactions (plant's parameters) which potentially alert abundance and diversity of the insect pests. Clearer interaction and magnitude of impact could be assessed (multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) and redundancy analysis (RDA)) and observed between arthropods (insect-acarine) community and plants' parameters from the strongest to the lowest effects. The two factors could have affected the community of insect-pests with various degrees of pressure effect and interaction that occurred naturally, thus leading to the predictable abundance of insect-acarine populations under eggplant leaves in response to plant physical characteristics (e.g., size of leaves, number of leaves and plant height) and biochemical constituents (flavonoid, phenolic, peroxidase and β-1,3-glucanase). Based on multivariate analyses of multitrophic interaction, MANOVA and RDA have the potential to elucidate the complex interaction among plant performance, abundance of pests and activity chemical defence compounds. Both analyses interpreted similar interactions of measured parameters in different ways. Whitefly population in this study was predictable by aphids, thrips and total phenolic contents in eggplant. Eggplant has capable defence systems against insect-acarine pests after stimulation (pre-infestation). In relation to IPM strategy, early stages of plant growth are known as susceptible periods for pests attack but the plant becomes more tolerant during the fruiting stage.

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The parasite‐host relationship between Encarsia formosa (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) and Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae)

Cited by 62 publications

References 4 publications

Effects of rearing host species on the host-feeding capacity and parasitism of the whitefly parasitoid Encarsia formosa

Effects of rearing host species on the host-feeding capacity and parasitism of the whitefly parasitoid Encarsia formosa

Precise Control and Prevention Methods for Whitefly in Greenhouse Vegetables

Prediction of Whitefly Population and Infestation Based on Multitrophic Analysis between Competitor Pest, Plant Traits and Natural Enemy

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