The Parasexual Cycle in Fungi

Pontecorvo, G.

doi:10.1146/annurev.mi.10.100156.002141

Cited by 329 publications

(147 citation statements)

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“…In contrast to plants and animals, the fungal nuclei can exchange DNA by parasexual processes resulting in increased variation in the genotype while avoiding the costs of sexual Section Editor: Marc Stadler reproduction, as observed specifically in basidiomycetes. Parasexuality, primarily discovered for fungi (Pontecorvo 1956), is sharing with many microeukaryotes (Speijera et al 2015;Sterkers et al 2014;Weedall and Hall 2015;Tekle et al 2014), but not with macroeukaryotes, so the results of fungal heterokaryosis have a greater impact on the environment. Parasexual processes are observed throughout the fungal kingdom.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The plasticity of fungal interactions

Wrzosek

Ruszkiewicz‐Michalska

Sikora

et al. 2016

Mycol Progress

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Their hyphal structure, the common events of hybridization and horizontal gene transfer, as well as intimate associations with prokaryotes (including endobiotic bacteria) and cooperation with eukaryotes have made fungi very flexible at the genetic, physiological, and ecological levels. It is manifested with the fungal ability to perfectly exploit existing nutrient sources and plastically fit into a changing environment. Although the links between fungi and other ecosystem components are rarely clearly visible and unambiguous, fungi can be ecosystem buffers playing a homeostatic role throughout global ecosystems, reacting to changes in various ways, not only by modifications of gene expression but also by nuclear status and Bextended phenotype^. The goal of this review is to underline some ecological interactions involving fungi and other organisms and to indicate high fungal plasticity in terms of ontogenetic perspective.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The plasticity of fungal interactions

Wrzosek

Ruszkiewicz‐Michalska

Sikora

et al. 2016

Mycol Progress

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“…Mycelial compatibility is a prerequisite for the occurrence of the parasexual cycle, a mechanism of genetic recombination in fungi that do not reproduce sexually as those in the genus Alternaria (STEWART et al, 2013). According to PONTECORVO (1956) after formation of the heterokaryon from two genetically distinct haploid mycelia recombined via crossovers and haplodization generated genetically variable progeny. This cycle offers an evolutionary alternative for the introgression of novel genetic material and complementation of dysfunctional gene copies in asexual species.…”

Section: Mycelial Growth Index (Mgi)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of Alternaria isolates and reaction of potato genotypes to early blight

et al. 2016

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“…The role of the mating-type locus in controlling sexual recognition and promoting outbreeding in yeast and filamentous fungi is well understood (reviewed by Coppin et al 1997). It is also known that somatic or vegetative fusion of fungal cells (termed "anastomosis") occurs at a high frequency within and between individuals promoting network formation (Rayner 1996) and facilitating foraging, the pooling of resources (Rayner 1996), and the introduction of genetic variation via the parasexual cycle (Pontecorvo 1956 an incompatible reaction that triggers localized cell death (reviewed by Glass et al 2000;Saupe 2000). This form of conspecific nonself recognition is know as heterokaryon incompatibility or, as used here, vegetative incompatibility, and the corresponding genetic determinants are known as het or vic loci (Smith and Lafontaine 2013).…”

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confidence: 99%

“…The role of the mating-type locus in controlling sexual recognition and promoting outbreeding in yeast and filamentous fungi is well understood (reviewed by Coppin et al 1997). It is also known that somatic or vegetative fusion of fungal cells (termed "anastomosis") occurs at a high frequency within and between individuals promoting network formation (Rayner 1996) and facilitating foraging, the pooling of resources (Rayner 1996), and the introduction of genetic variation via the parasexual cycle (Pontecorvo 1956). However, most fusion events between genetically distinct individuals of the same species result in Copyright © 2014 by the Genetics Society of America doi: 10.1534/genetics.114.164574 Manuscript received January 28, 2014; accepted for publication March 27, 2014; published Early Online April 1, 2014.…”

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Vegetative Incompatibility Loci with Dedicated Roles in Allorecognition Restrict Mycovirus Transmission in Chestnut Blight Fungus

et al. 2014

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Vegetative incompatibility (vic), a form of nonself allorecognition, operates widely in filamentous fungi and restricts transmission of virulence-attenuating hypoviruses in the chestnut blight fungus Cryphonectria parasitica. We report here the use of a polymorphism-based comparative genomics approach to complete the molecular identification of the genetically defined C. parasitica vic loci with the identification of vic1 and vic3. The vic1 locus in the C. parasitica reference strain EP155 consists of a polymorphic HET-domain-containing 771-aa ORF designated vic1a-2, which shares 91% identity with the corresponding vic1a-1 allele, and a small (172 aa) idiomorphic DUF1909-domain-containing ORF designated vic1b-2 that is absent at the vic1-1 locus. Gene disruption of either vic1a-2 or vic1b-2 in strain EP155 eliminated restrictions on virus transmission when paired with a vic1 heteroallelic strain; however, only disruption of vic1a-2 abolished the incompatible programmed cell death (PCD) reaction. The vic3 locus of strain EP155 contains two polymorphic ORFs of 599 aa (vic3a-1) and 102 aa (vic3b-1) that shared 46 and 85% aa identity with the corresponding vic3a-2 and vic3b-2 alleles, respectively. Disruption of either vic3a-1 or vic3b-1 resulted in increased virus transmission. However, elimination of PCD required disruption of both vic3a and vic3b. Additional allelic heterogeneity included a sequence inversion and a 8.5-kb insertion containing a LTR retrotransposon sequence and an adjacent HET-domain gene at the vic1 locus and a 7.7-kb sequence deletion associated with a nonfunctional, pseudo vic locus. Combined gene disruption studies formally confirmed restriction of mycovirus transmission by five C. parasitica vic loci and suggested dedicated roles in allorecognition. The relevance of these results to the acquisition and maintenance of vic genes and the potential for manipulation of vic alleles for enhanced mycovirus transmission are discussed.A LLORECOGNITION genetic systems, which provide the ability to distinguish self from nonself, play important functional roles in microbial and multicellular organisms. These systems range from restriction endonucleases in bacteria (Meselson and Yuan 1968) to somatic histocompatibility in protocordates (De Tomaso et al. 2005), self-infertility in plants (Nasrallah 2005), and innate immunity in vertebrates (Medzhitov and Janeway 2002) (reviewed by Aanen et al. 2008;Nydam and De Tomaso 2011;Rosengarten and Nicotra 2011). Allorecognition operates widely in filamentous fungi in both the sexual and the vegetative growth phases (Saupe 2000). The role of the mating-type locus in controlling sexual recognition and promoting outbreeding in yeast and filamentous fungi is well understood (reviewed by Coppin et al. 1997). It is also known that somatic or vegetative fusion of fungal cells (termed "anastomosis") occurs at a high frequency within and between individuals promoting network formation (Rayner 1996) and facilitating foraging, the pooling of resources (Rayner 1996), ...

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The Parasexual Cycle in Fungi

Cited by 329 publications

References 2 publications

The plasticity of fungal interactions

The plasticity of fungal interactions

Characterization of Alternaria isolates and reaction of potato genotypes to early blight

Vegetative Incompatibility Loci with Dedicated Roles in Allorecognition Restrict Mycovirus Transmission in Chestnut Blight Fungus

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