The pandemic COVID-19: a tale of viremia, cellular oxidation and immune dysfunction

Rowaiye, Adekunle Babajide; Onuh, Olukemi; Oli, Angus Nnamdi; Okpalefe, Okiemute Ajiroghene; Oni, Simeon Olaosebikan; Nwankwo, Ezinne Janefrances

doi:10.11604/pamj.2020.36.188.23476

Cited by 10 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 75 publications

(145 reference statements)

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“…IFN-1 stimulates the NK cells through mechanisms that involve or do not involve class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC) protein [32]. Polymorphisms of class 1 MHC may also lead to increased susceptibility to COVID-19 [7]. Unfortunately, the SARSCoV-2 evades the TLR8 and TLR9 receptors ( Figure 1) through an intricate capping mechanism of its mRNA by its methyltranferases [33].…”

Section: Pathogenesis Of Sars-cov-2 Induced Cytokine Stormmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…While WHO is yet to approve any cure for COVID-19, a lot of antiviral agents have been proposed. Some of these are natural compounds which can also serve as antioxidants to combat oxidative stress resulting from SARS-Cov-2 infection [7].…”

Section: Mitigation and Management Of Sars-cov-2 Induced Cytokine Stormmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Also, the intravenous administration of vitamin C in high doses can ameliorate the neutrophil-related cytokine storm in the patients with COVID-19 [142,143]. Vitamin C also causes increased production of IFN-1 which SARS-CoV-2 suppresses [7,143]. Type I IFN activates the NK cell through both direct and indirect pathways [144,145].…”

Section: Vitaminsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Quinoline which is a component of HCQ is a potential immunomodulator that has the ability to reduce the generation of proinflammatory cytokines implicated in hypercytokinemia such as IL-1, IL-6, TNF-α and IFN-α by inhibiting the expression of MHC II, antigen processing, immune activation through TLR signaling, and the cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) stimulation of interferon genes in T-cells [190]. HCQ increases endosomal pH inhibiting intracellular viral activity, and its presentation on the MHC 1 protein [7].…”

Section: Hydroxychloroquinementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Most times, patients report at the hospital at the end of stage 1 or the beginning of Stage 2. At this time, the potentials of the innate immune system to combat the infection have been tested [7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Preparing for the Storm: Mitigating the Effect of SARS-CoV-2 Induced Hypercytokinemia

Rowaiye¹,

Okpalefe²,

Onuh³

et al. 2020

Preprint

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With increasing fatalities, the COVID-19 pandemic constitutes a formidable global health challenge. The causative agent, SARS-CoV-2 constantly tests the efficacy of the immune system of its victims. The protective ability of the innate immune system as the first responder largely determines the progression of disease and its clinical prognosis. Evidence suggests that mortalities associated with COVID-19 are largely due to hyperinflammation and a dysregulated immune response. Consequently, the degree of the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL1, IL-6, and TNF alpha remarkably distinguishes between mild and severe cases of COVID-19. The early prediction of a cytokine storm is made possible by several serum chemistry and hematological markers. The prompt use of these markers for laboratory tests, and the aggressive prevention and management of a cytokine release syndrome is critical in determining the level of morbidity and fatality associated with COVID-19. With respect to the SARS-CoV-2 and the host cell, this literature review focuses on the dynamics of the COVID-19 disease highlighting on the pathogenesis, and the markers of Cytokine Storm. It also proffers solutions by critically looking at the current and potential pharmacological agents that are or can be used to mitigate and manage cytokine storms.

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Section: Pathogenesis Of Sars-cov-2 Induced Cytokine Stormmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Mitigation and Management Of Sars-cov-2 Induced Cytokine Stormmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Vitaminsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Hydroxychloroquinementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Preparing for the Storm: Mitigating the Effect of SARS-CoV-2 Induced Hypercytokinemia

Rowaiye¹,

Okpalefe²,

Onuh³

et al. 2020

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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Immune Response and Susceptibility to SARS-CoV2 Virus in Children

Merchán

Silva

Velandia

2021

Int. J. Pediatr. Child Health

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The COVID-19 disease that was first discovered in Wuhan-China province, also called severe acute respiratory syndrome, is a serious public health concern in the 21st century. This disease affects the respiratory system and its causal agent is the SARS-CoV2 virus, which is part of the family of beta-corona viruses that many associate with the bat. This virus not only affects the population that is considered vulnerable but also affects young adults and children. The objective of the present review is to describe the characteristics of the immune response and susceptibility in children with SARS-COV2. We examined articles in the Elsevier, Google Scholar, PubMed and Scielo databases regarding the immune systems of children with the disease of COVID-19 and the physio-pathological mechanisms of SARS-CoV2 that contribute to illness in this population. Although the capacity of infection of SARS-CoV2 in children is very high, the mechanism of the virus against pathogenicity in this population group is not clear. The objective of the present review is to describe the characteristics of the immune response and susceptibility in children with SARS-COV2.

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The Lingzhi or Reishi Medicinal Mushroom Ganoderma lucidum (Agaricomycetes) Can Combat Cytokine Storm and Other COVID-19 Related Pathologies: A Review

Ogugua

2023

Int J Med Mushrooms

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Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by SARS-CoV-2 is characterized by acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) facilitated by cytokine storm and other risk factors that increase susceptibility and complications leading to death. Emerging as a major global public health challenge, the disease has claimed more than 6 million lives and caused catastrophic global economic disruptions. However, there are concerns about the safety as well as the efficacy of drugs and vaccines presently used to control the pandemic, therefore necessitating intense global search for safe natural products that can effectively and safely combat it. This work reviews studies on lingzhi or reishi medicinal mushroom, <i>Ganoderma lucidum</i> and its properties that may potentially combat SARS-CoV-2 infection and the co-morbidities. Available evidence suggests that medicinal properties of the <i>Ganoderma</i> mushroom can combat the complications of SARS-CoV-2 infection and the co-morbidities that can aggravate the severity of the disease. Preclinical and clinical evaluation to establish dose, efficacy, and potential toxicity and possible use in the management of COVID-19 is recommended.

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The pandemic COVID-19: a tale of viremia, cellular oxidation and immune dysfunction

Cited by 10 publications

References 75 publications

Preparing for the Storm: Mitigating the Effect of SARS-CoV-2 Induced Hypercytokinemia

Preparing for the Storm: Mitigating the Effect of SARS-CoV-2 Induced Hypercytokinemia

Immune Response and Susceptibility to SARS-CoV2 Virus in Children

The Lingzhi or Reishi Medicinal Mushroom Ganoderma lucidum (Agaricomycetes) Can Combat Cytokine Storm and Other COVID-19 Related Pathologies: A Review

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