The COVID-19 disease that was first discovered in Wuhan-China province, also called severe acute respiratory syndrome, is a serious public health concern in the 21st century. This disease affects the respiratory system and its causal agent is the SARS-CoV2 virus, which is part of the family of beta-corona viruses that many associate with the bat. This virus not only affects the population that is considered vulnerable but also affects young adults and children. The objective of the present review is to describe the characteristics of the immune response and susceptibility in children with SARS-COV2. We examined articles in the Elsevier, Google Scholar, PubMed and Scielo databases regarding the immune systems of children with the disease of COVID-19 and the physio-pathological mechanisms of SARS-CoV2 that contribute to illness in this population. Although the capacity of infection of SARS-CoV2 in children is very high, the mechanism of the virus against pathogenicity in this population group is not clear. The objective of the present review is to describe the characteristics of the immune response and susceptibility in children with SARS-COV2.
Giardia intestinalis is a parasite that inhabits the small intestine of humans and other mammals, causing a disease that can manifest itself with acute diarrhea. This parasite is an early divergent eukaryote with a compact genome and a life cycle composed of two distinct cell types: the trophozoite, the replicative form, and the cyst, the infectious form. Signal transduction pathways implicated in differentiation processes of G. intestinalis are largely unknown. Calcium, considered an essential messenger in cell signaling, has been shown to regulate a myriad of key cell processes including metabolism, motility, and exocytosis, among other important functions, through calcium-binding proteins (CaBPs). The most important and largest family of CaBPs is the EF-hand protein family. To investigate the nature of calcium signaling pathways present in this protozoan, an in silico analysis of the genome to identify genes encoding EF-hand proteins was undertaken. Twenty-eight sequences containing EF-hand domains were found; most of which have only a pair of domains, and half of the sequences were divergent or unique to Giardia. In addition, the transcription pattern for eight genes encoding EF-hand proteins was assessed during encystation. It was found that all the genes were differentially transcribed suggesting a different function in this process. The in silico results suggest that in G. intestinalis, calcium is involved in the regulation of protein phosphorylation through kinases and phosphatases.
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