The paediatric story of human papillomavirus (Review)

Abstract

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is composed of a particularly heterogeneous family of DNA viruses, which has gained much attention in recent years due to the discoveries of Professor Harald zur Hausen, who first identified a connection between HPV and cervical cancer. Professor Harald zur Hausen, the ‘Father of HPV Virology’, was the recipient of the 2008 Nobel Prize. HPV can be transmitted through physical contact via autoinoculation or fomites, sexual contact, as well as vertically from the HPV-positive mother to her newborn, causing subclinical or clinical infections. In infancy and childhood, HPV-associated clinical infections include skin warts, genital warts and juvenile recurrent respiratory papillomatosis, while cervical squamous intraepithelial lesions have also been reported among adolescent girls. To date, several research teams, worldwide, have extensively investigated HPV from the paediatric point of view. This primitive effort has been performed before the recent great expansion of paediatric HPV research due to the vaccination programmes against HPV, which were introduced into clinical practice in 2006. In this review article, we present a brief overview of paediatric HPV research after the first report in 1978 involving children in the research of HPV until the time point of this great expansion. In the future, it is expected that further unresolved issues will be addressed and clarified, as the paediatric story of HPV remains a challenging research target.

Vulval Warts in the Paediatric Age Group: A Report of Three Cases

“…When seen, it may be associated with sexual abuse, vertical transmission, immune-suppression, or poor hygiene [7,8]. In Case 1, sexual abuse was likely due to the absence of the hymen, while in Case 2, there was poor hygiene; there was a possibility of autoinoculation in Case 3 as has been shown in some studies [1,9]. Case 2 and Case 3 came from poor socioeconomic backgrounds.…”

Relationship between human papilloma virus and benign and malign lesions of oral cavity and oropharynx, current approach

“…Kutanöz tipler cilt lezyonlarıyla ilişkilidir; HPV 1, 2 ve 4 plantar siğillerinde en yaygındır ve HPV 5,8,9,12,14,15,17,[19][20][21][22][23][24][25]36,46 ve 47 sıklıkla epidermodisplazi verrukiforme'de bulunur. HPV 5 ve 8 cilt karsinomlarıyla da ilgilidir (8)(9)(10) .…”

“…(14) tarafından yapılan bir retrospektif çalışmada, HPV'nin fiziksel olarak temas yoluyla geçebildiği gibi aynı zamanda HPV pozitif anneden yeni doğan bebeğe de dikey olarak iletilebildiği bildirilmiştir. Syrjänen (15) tarafından yapılan bir inceleme olguların yaklaşık %20'sinde HPV enfeksiyonunun dikey olarak bulaştığını ortaya koymaktadır.…”

Progress and prospects for L2-based human papillomavirus vaccines

“…`genital types') and typically transmitted via sexual intercourse, whereas the beta, gamma, mu and nu HPV preferentially infect skin (i.e. `cutaneous types') and are transmitted non-sexually, likely via fomites at sites of local epithelial micro-trauma [2]. The approximately forty genital HPV of the genus alpha are divided by oncogenicity into two groups: low-risk types (lrHPV such as genotypes −6,−11,−40,−42,−43,−44,−53,−54,−51,−72,−73,−81) which are isolated from benign genital warts, and 15 or so high-risk types (hr HPV, notably genotypes 16,−18,−31,−33,−35,−45,−51,−52,−56,−58,−59,−68) that are detected in cervical cancer [3].…”