The Order Cytophagales (with Addenda on the Genera Herpetosiphon, Saprospira, and Flexithrix)

Reichenbach, Hans; Dworkin, Martin

doi:10.1007/978-3-662-13187-9_21

Cited by 53 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 72 publications

(63 reference statements)

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“…Some strains, which did not grow on the media described above, were grown on other media. Cytophaga hutchinsonii was grown in Dubos medium (26) supplemented with 30% (wthol) D-cellobiose; Flexibncter roseulus and Flexibacter ruber were grown in nutrient agar and in nutrient broth (Oxoid Ltd., London, England). All of the marine species, except Flexibacter polymorphus and Cytophaga latercula, were grown in Anacker-Ordal broth and Anacker-Ordal agar prepared with artificial seawater (26) instead of distilled water; Flexibacter polymorphus was cultivated on Flexibacter medium (17), and Cytophaga latercula was cultivated on a medium for marine flexibacteria (18).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The feature considered to be of major importance is that members of the order Cytophagales are capable of gliding, whereas Flavobactc>rium species are not. However, the taxonomic reliability of gliding is uncertain (26). Thus, several authors prefer to use the name "Flavobacterium-Cytophaga group" and think that these bacteria should be studied together (13).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Thus, several authors prefer to use the name "Flavobacterium-Cytophaga group" and think that these bacteria should be studied together (13). Another very important problem concerns the definitions of the genera Cytophaga and Flexihacter and the distinction between these two taxa (26).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Deoxyribonucleic Acid Relatedness and Phenotypic Characterization of Flexibacter columnaris sp. nov., nom. rev., Flexibacter psychrophilus sp. nov., nom. rev., and Flexibacter maritimus Wakabayashi, Hikida, and Masumura 1986

Bernardet

Grimont

1989

International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology

149

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Eight unidentified fish pathogens and 10 strains received as "Flexibacfer columnaris," "Cytophaga psychrophila, " and Flexibacter marifimus were compared with the type strains of all previously described species in the genera Cytophaga and Flexibacter and with seven Flavobacferium species by determining levels of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) relatedness (S1 nuclease method) and by performing phenotypic tests. The name Flexibacter columnaris sp. nov. is revived for a DNA relatedness group comprising eight strains that are 75 to 100% related to strain TG 39/87 and 0 to 8% related to all of the other species studied. These strains produce flat rhizoid colonies which adhere to agar, show strong gliding movement, absorb Congo red, reduce nitrate to nitrite, and produce H,S. The guanine-plus-cytosine content of the DNA is 32 mol%. The type strain is strain NCMB 2248 (= ATCC 23463). The name Flexibacferpsychruphilus sp. nov. is revived for a DNA relatedness group comprising seven strains that are 90 to 100% related to strain NCMB 1947* (T = type strain) and 0 to 5% related to all of the other species studied. These strains produce circular, convex colonies that have regular or spreading margins and do not adhere to agar, show very slow gliding movement, do not absorb Congo red, do not reduce nitrate, and do not produce H,S. The guanine-plus-cytosine content of the DNA is 33 mol%. The type strain is strain NCMB 1947. Both F. columnaris and F . psychrophilus produce the flexirubin type of pigments, are strongly proteolytic, and do not hydrolyze (or produce acid from) any carbohydrate. Flexibacter marifimus (three strains) was shown to constitute a DNA relatedness group that is 0 to 8% related to all of the other species tested. Furthermore, this organism can be differentiated by phenotypic tests. The presence of F. marifimus in Europe is shown for the first time.Since they were first described by Davis in 1922 (9). bacteria that are pathogenic for fish and belong to the order Cytophagales have frequently been isolated from diseased marine and freshwater fishes worldwide (1). These organisms have been responsible for substantial fish mortality and economic losses.The class Flexihacteriue has recently been defined by Reichenbach and Dworkin (25) to include unicellular bacteria that are capable of gliding movement on wet surfaces (gliding bacteria) but are devoid of flagella. This class is composed of two orders; the members of the order Myxohacterales have high deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) guanineplus-cytosine (C+C) contents (67 to 71 mol%) and a typical life cycle with fruiting bodies and microcysts, and the members of the order Cytophagales have lower G+C contents with a very wide range (28 to 67 mol%), reflecting the heterogeneity of these organisms, and do not produce fruiting bodies.The gliding bacteria isolated from diseased fish belong to the order Cytophagales and to the genera Flexihacter and Cytophaga. However, the taxonomy of these groups remains in a state of confusion. One of the main problems is the relations...

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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Deoxyribonucleic Acid Relatedness and Phenotypic Characterization of Flexibacter columnaris sp. nov., nom. rev., Flexibacter psychrophilus sp. nov., nom. rev., and Flexibacter maritimus Wakabayashi, Hikida, and Masumura 1986

Bernardet

Grimont

1989

International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology

149

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“…Carotenoids are known to be produced by several representatives of aerobic gliding bacteria, including Flexibacter spp., Cytophaga spp. and several myxobacteria (Reichenbach & Dworkin, 1981). The strain described here is the first strict anaerobe producing such pigments after the moderately oxygentolerant anaerobe Cytophaga xylanolytica (Haack & Breznak, 1993).…”

Section: Physiological Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 87%

Anaerophaga thermohalophila gen. nov., sp. nov., a moderately thermohalophilic, strictly anaerobic fermentative bacterium.

Denger¹,

Warthmann²,

Ludwig³

et al. 2002

International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology

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“…The genus Lysubacter contains Gram-negative gliding bacteria which are noted for the production of many extracellular enzymes and for their role in biodegradation (Christensen & Cook, 1978;Reichenbach & Dworkin, 1981;Rosenberg & Varon, 1984). All species of the genus, except two strains of Lysobacter brunescens, were found to hydrolyse Tween when tested on solid media containing this detergent (Christensen & Cook, 1978).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Localization and Characterization of Lipolytic Enzymes Produced by Lysobacter enzymogenes

Tigerstrom

Stelmaschuk

1989

Microbiology

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Lipolysis by Lysobacter enzymogenes is due to the production of two major extracellular esterases. These were investigated using a turbidimetric assay with Tween 20 as the substrate. One esterase is cell-associated and found in the particulate fraction of cell-free extracts, the other esterase is secreted into the culture medium. In batch culture with 0.8% yeast extract as the medium the particulate esterase was produced mainly during the exponential growth phase and its yield was increased about twofold by the addition of olive oil and other substrates. The supernatant esterase was produced mainly after the exponential growth phase and was induced six-to tenfold by olive oil. PAGE, combined with activity staining using Tween 20 as the substrate, indicated that the two enzymes have different electrophoretic mobilities. Intact cells expressed 87 % of the particulate cell-associated esterase activity. The enzyme was released from cells or from the particulate fraction by incubation with 0.2% Zwittergent 3-14. Tween 20 (2%, v/v) or 1 mM-EDTA released little of the enzyme from whole cells. Separation of the inner and outer membranes of L. enzymogenes showed that the particulate esterase was localized in the outer membrane. Both esterases were very active with Tween 20 as the substrate, but they hydrolysed other compounds at very different rates. The relative activities with Tween 20, p-nitrophenyl palmitate, tributyrin and olive oil were 100,3, 11 and 0 for the particulate esterase and 100, 73, 0 and 28 for the secreted esterase. In addition to these two extracellular esterases, L. enzymogenes contains a hydrolase in the cytoplasm which is most active with tributyrin. INTRODUCTIONThe genus Lysubacter contains Gram-negative gliding bacteria which are noted for the production of many extracellular enzymes and for their role in biodegradation (Christensen & Cook, 1978;Reichenbach & Dworkin, 1981;Rosenberg & Varon, 1984). All species of the genus, except two strains of Lysobacter brunescens, were found to hydrolyse Tween when tested on solid media containing this detergent (Christensen & Cook, 1978). A number of the extracellular enzymes produced by Lysubacter species have been characterized (Jackson & Matsueda, 1970;Whitaker, 1970;Hedges & Wolfe, 1974;von Tigerstrom, 1980von Tigerstrom, , 1981von Tigerstrom, , 1984von Tigerstrom & Stelmaschuk, 1986, 1987, but the enzymes responsible for the lipase activity have not been investigated.Preliminary experiments indicated that L. enzymogenes produces two extracellular Tweendegrading hydrolases: one associated with the cells, the other secreted into the culture medium. Although the secreted enzyme can use olive oil as a substrate and might be called a lipase (Jensen, 1983), both enzymes prefer water-soluble substrates and for this reason we call the enzymes esterases rather than lipases (Sugiura, 1984). This paper describes the production of the two esterases by L . enzymogenes under different culture conditions, the major differences between the two enzymes and the localizat...

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The Order Cytophagales (with Addenda on the Genera Herpetosiphon, Saprospira, and Flexithrix)

Cited by 53 publications

References 72 publications

Deoxyribonucleic Acid Relatedness and Phenotypic Characterization of Flexibacter columnaris sp. nov., nom. rev., Flexibacter psychrophilus sp. nov., nom. rev., and Flexibacter maritimus Wakabayashi, Hikida, and Masumura 1986

Deoxyribonucleic Acid Relatedness and Phenotypic Characterization of Flexibacter columnaris sp. nov., nom. rev., Flexibacter psychrophilus sp. nov., nom. rev., and Flexibacter maritimus Wakabayashi, Hikida, and Masumura 1986

Anaerophaga thermohalophila gen. nov., sp. nov., a moderately thermohalophilic, strictly anaerobic fermentative bacterium.

Localization and Characterization of Lipolytic Enzymes Produced by Lysobacter enzymogenes

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