The Orbital Angular Momentum Modes Supporting Fibers Based on the Photonic Crystal Fiber Structure

Zhang, Hu; Zhang, Xiaoguang; Li, Hui; Deng, Yifan; Xi, Lixia; Tang, Xianfeng; Zhang, Wenbo

doi:10.3390/cryst7100286

Cited by 50 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 49 publications

(45 reference statements)

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“…When the energy of visible light is located in the PBG, the PCs show bright and iridescent reflected colors, which are well-known structural colors [6]. Based on their unique photonic band-gap properties and tunable structural colors, PCs have shown great application potential in developing optical waveguides, lasers, optical fibers [7][8][9][10][11][12], displays [13][14][15][16], sensors [17][18][19], and anti-counterfeiting materials [20][21][22][23]. When PCs are used as anti-counterfeiting materials, their stable and iridescent structural colors cannot be imitated by pigments or dyes [23].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent Advances in Colloidal Photonic Crystal-Based Anti-Counterfeiting Materials

et al. 2019

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Colloidal photonic crystal (PC)-based anti-counterfeiting materials have been widely studied due to their inimitable structural colors and tunable photonic band gaps (PBGs) as well as their convenient identification methods. In this review, we summarize recent developments of colloidal PCs in the field of anti-counterfeiting from aspects of security strategies, design, and fabrication principles, and identification means. Firstly, an overview of the strategies for constructing PC anti-counterfeiting materials composed of variable color PC patterns, invisible PC prints, and several other PC anti-counterfeiting materials is presented. Then, the synthesis methods, working principles, security level, and specific identification means of these three types of PC materials are discussed in detail. Finally, the summary of strengths and challenges, as well as development prospects in the attractive research field, are presented.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent Advances in Colloidal Photonic Crystal-Based Anti-Counterfeiting Materials

et al. 2019

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“…In this paper, we theoretically investigated the bending-induced impairments on a OAM l = −1 mode in three types of optical fibers: Vortex fiber (VF) [13], ring core fiber (RCF) [11], and photonic crystal fiber (PCF) [10,14]. The bending effects were investigated in terms of the bending loss, topological charge number degradation, and intermodal crosstalk.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Those three types of fibers (VF, RCF, and PCF) were chosen as the representative types of OAM mode fibers that have been designed or experimentally demonstrated in the recent literature. The specific structures of the chosen fiber types were also adopted from the literature [10,11,13,14]. The PCF structure considered in reference [10], where its bending loss was investigated numerically, was first chosen, and then, the structures of VF and RCF of about the same mode sizes as the PCF were chosen for a fair comparison.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In this work, we considered one of the previously demonstrated RCF structures [11], whose structural parameters are r 1 = 6.7 µm, r 2 = 1.9 µm, n 1 = 1.444, and n 2 = 1.473 at 1.55 µm. The PCF, depicted in Figure 1c,f, consists of the central point defect (enlarged air hole) of d 1 = 2.4 µm and the ring-shaped defect (absence of air holes) in the concentrically arranged air holes of d 2 = 1.6 µm embedded in the matrix of n = 1.444 [10,14]. In all the fiber structures, step index profiles were assumed for simplicity.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Analysis of Bending-Induced Degradation of Orbital Angular Momentum Modes in Optical Fibers

2019

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In this work, bending-induced deterioration of orbital angular momentum (OAM) modes in ring core fiber (RCF), photonic crystal fiber (PCF), and vortex fiber (VF) was theoretically investigated: Bending losses, coupling losses, and intermodal crosstalk at the interface between straight and bent optical fibers were investigated from the modal analysis of those three types of OAM mode fibers. In addition, the degradation of a topological charge number of an OAM mode due to the bending-induced birefringence and horizontal mode asymmetry was also investigated. Our investigation revealed that, in all aspects, the PCF is most robust to bending among the three types of optical fibers, and the most serious bending-induced problem in the VF and the RCF is the degradation of the topological charge number. The allowed minimum bending radii of VF and RCF appeared to be~15 and~45 mm, respectively, for the specific structures considered in this work. We expect that the methodology and results of our quantitative analysis on bending-induced degradation of OAM modes will be of great use in the design of OAM mode fibers for practical use.

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“…In current research, the ring fiber was designed mostly to transmit OAM modes [11][12][13][14][15]. The circular photonic crystal fiber (C-PCF) was also proposed as a potential OAM fiber structure [16][17][18][19]. One fiber can transmit several dozens of mutually orthogonal modes.…”

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confidence: 99%

Two-Layer Erbium-Doped Air-Core Circular Photonic Crystal Fiber Amplifier for Orbital Angular Momentum Mode Division Multiplexing System

Zhang

Han

et al. 2019

Crystals

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Orbital angular momentum (OAM) mode-division multiplexing (MDM) has recently been under intense investigations as a new way to increase the capacity of fiber communication. In this paper, a two-layer Erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) for an OAM multiplexing system is proposed. The amplifier is based on the circular photonic crystal fiber (C-PCF), which can maintain a stable transmission for 14 OAM modes by a large index difference between the fiber core and the cladding. Further, the two-layer doped region can balance the amplification performance of different modes. The relationship between the performance and the parameters of the amplifier is analyzed numerically to optimize the amplifier design. The optimized amplifier can amplify 18 modes (14 OAM modes) simultaneously over the C-band with a differential mode gain (DMG) lower than 0.1 dB while keeping the modal gain over 23 dB and noise figure below 4 dB. Finally, the fabrication tolerance and feasibility are discussed. The result shows a relatively large fabrication tolerance in the OAM EDFA parameters.Crystals 2019, 9, 156 2 of 10 capacity in a MDM system [5]. For communications using OAM beams, there are two key problems to be solved. One is the optical vortex generation, which is the most fundamental technique to implement OAM multiplexing. The optical vortex can be generated by a variety of schemes, such as spatial light modulator [6] and modified interference of different modes [7]. A liquid-crystal spatial light modulator is another promising scheme for generating OAM modes, which exhibits some good properties including simplicity, high efficiency, and reconfiguration [8][9][10]. Another is the optical vortex beam transmission, which needs the fiber supporting OAM modes. In current research, the ring fiber was designed mostly to transmit OAM modes [11][12][13][14][15]. The circular photonic crystal fiber (C-PCF) was also proposed as a potential OAM fiber structure [16][17][18][19]. One fiber can transmit several dozens of mutually orthogonal modes. To date, terabit data transmission based on an OAM fiber has been demonstrated [20]. The transmission distance of the OAM mode in fibers has already reached 50 km [21]. However, many techniques are still needed for handling the implementation of long-haul MDM systems based on OAM modes. OAM carrier signal amplification is one of the critical techniques.The Erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) not only allows the light signal to be amplified online directly but also possesses the same range between amplification wavelength and the low loss wavelength of optical fibers, which is suitable for MDM systems based on OAM modes. However, unlike the single-mode fiber amplifier, there are tens (even dozens) of modes in the OAM fiber amplifier. The transverse distribution of each mode is different. The biggest difference of these mode gains was defined as differential mode gain (DMG) [22]. DMG should be low enough to ensure approximately equal amplification of the multimode in the fiber.In recent studies, most designs...

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The Orbital Angular Momentum Modes Supporting Fibers Based on the Photonic Crystal Fiber Structure

Cited by 50 publications

References 49 publications

Recent Advances in Colloidal Photonic Crystal-Based Anti-Counterfeiting Materials

Recent Advances in Colloidal Photonic Crystal-Based Anti-Counterfeiting Materials

Analysis of Bending-Induced Degradation of Orbital Angular Momentum Modes in Optical Fibers

Two-Layer Erbium-Doped Air-Core Circular Photonic Crystal Fiber Amplifier for Orbital Angular Momentum Mode Division Multiplexing System

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