The optimal design of the retaining walls built by the Incas in their agricultural terraces

Castro, Jaime; Vallejo, Luis E.; Estrada, Nicolás

doi:10.1016/j.culher.2018.09.013

Cited by 5 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…Ongoing processing of additional radiocarbon samples from terrace systems Te-09 and Te-10 may contribute to refining the terrace chronology, although the similar terrace architecture observed in all three agricultural systems implies concurrent use with the Cutamalla (Beckers et al, 2013;Kinnaird et al, 2017). Compared to later Inka terrace agriculture in the Andean region (Kendall and Rodríguez, 2009;Castro et al, 2019;Ortloff, 2019), we want to emphasize that the terrace-settlement system at Cutamalla was less standardized in terms of architecture, layout, and distribution, which seems logical due to the different political, economic, and socio-cultural context. It is interesting to note that none of the farming terraces at Cutamalla are still in use today.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…When talking about terracing in the Andes, the highly engineered terraces at Inka sites such as Machu Picchu, Cusco, Ollantaytambo, Pisaq, and Tipon inevitably come into mind (Kendall, 2004;Kendall and Rodríguez, 2009;D'Altroy, 2015;Castro et al, 2019;Ortloff, 2019;Canziani, 2021). Ancient Andean terracing, however, took many forms and patterns, depending on the ecological zone, local terrain, availability of building material and other resources, type of agriculture, economic needs, organization of labor and society, and time period with its respective knowledge of terrace construction.…”

Section: Monumental Landscapes Of Everyday Life: Andean Terrace Agric...mentioning

confidence: 99%

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An integrative approach to ancient agricultural terraces and forms of dependency: the case of Cutamalla in the prehispanic Andes

Mader,

Godde,

Behl

et al. 2024

Front. Environ. Archaeol.

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This paper presents an integrative and interdisciplinary approach to the study of ancient agricultural terraces and food production systems. Our approach consists of (1) a resource dependency theoretical framework and (2) the application of a variety of archaeological and geoscientific methods, including archaeological and geomorphological surveys, archaeological excavations, drone surveys, mapping based on satellite imagery and high-resolution digital elevation models (DEMs), geographic information system (GIS) applications, soil testing, phytolith analysis, radiocarbon dating, and calculations of food supply capacity and labor requirements. We apply these to the prehispanic site of Cutamalla (3,300 m asl) in the southern Peruvian Andes, which serves as an ideal and pioneering case study. Previous research has focused primarily on the settlement of Cutamalla, particularly through large-scale archaeological excavations, but less attention has been paid to the extensive farming terraces surrounding the settlement and the close relationship between agricultural and settlement activities. By analyzing both the terrace and settlement levels, we take a new perspective and introduce the term agricultural terrace-settlement system for such complexes. Our results show that the residential occupation of Cutamalla and the use of the surrounding farming terraces coincided: the agricultural terrace-settlement system was intensively used for a relatively short period of about 200 years (~250–40 BCE) during the Formative Late Paracas and transitional Initial Nasca periods, long before the famous Inka terrace agricultural systems. There is no evidence of reoccupation of the site and subsequent reuse of the agricultural system. Our data also document the large extent of agricultural terraces around Cutamalla (221 ha) and that maize was likely a major crop grown there. Finally, we place these findings in their broader socio-economic and ecological context. Cutamalla was an important regional center and economic hub during a very dynamic period characterized by significant population growth and increased violence. Not only a more humid climate, but probably also forced collective labor were cornerstones of substantial agricultural production in Cutamalla and the region.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Monumental Landscapes Of Everyday Life: Andean Terrace Agric...mentioning

confidence: 99%

An integrative approach to ancient agricultural terraces and forms of dependency: the case of Cutamalla in the prehispanic Andes

Mader,

Godde,

Behl

et al. 2024

Front. Environ. Archaeol.

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“…Research about the use of retaining walls as an effort to strengthen soil has been carried out, such as research conducted by Salimah and Hasan [3], Gordan et al [24], Song et al [26], Castro et al [27], and Silva et al [28]. Based on that research, the use of retaining walls is proven to be able to increase the value of the safety factor so that it is closer to Geotechnical design standards.…”

Section: B 2d Interpretationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification of Landslide Area Using Geoelectrical Resistivity Method as Disaster Mitigation Strategy

Hasan¹,

Salimah²,

Susilo³

et al. 2022

International Journal on Advanced Science, Engineering and Information Technology

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Extreme weather triggers high-intensity rainfall, and it triggers land movement that eventually becomes landslides. The water of rain will enter to the ground through the rock gaps and accumulate along the landslide area to reduce effective stress and reduce the shear strength of the soil. Morphologically, Sukaresmi Village, Cisaat Sub-District, Sukabumi Regency is located at the foot of Mount Gede with a bumpy surface relief. This condition is one factor that triggers landslides because the soil is prone to movement. This research aims to identify the field slope zone for landslide prediction in the Sukaresmi village, hoping that the surrounding community could anticipate further landslides. The research was carried out using the Geoelectrical Resistivity method of the Schlumberger configuration as many as eight measuring points with 1 m electrode spacing. This research indicates that the subsurface conditions are divided into three constituent rocks: Clay, Tuff, and Volcanic Breccia. The field slide zone is located between the Tuff rock and turf layer at a depth of 4-7. 5 m long, 82 m (Line 1), and 40 m (Line 2), with a resistivity value range of 56-158 Ωm. The efforts that the local government can make to anticipate the condition of the building to remain safe include analyzing soil stability, strengthening slopes, and making retaining walls to increase the value of the safety factor.

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“…Lo que perdura en la comida con el pasar de los años es la preparación y los ingredientes que se utiliza, en especial que no se pierda el uso de los alimentos que son nativos de cada lugar, (Castro, Vallejo, & Estrada, 2019) los mismos que dan un sabor único y exclusivo ya que no es fácil de degustar en otros sitios, satisfaciendo el paladar de los turistas haciendo que el sabor sea único e incomparable quedando esa sensación del gusto y la prolongación en la tradición e historia de cada alimento y su preparación.…”

Section: Identidad Gastronómicaunclassified

Las rutas alimentarias: una estrategia turística basada en la identidad gastronómica ambateña

Moncayo¹,

Toro²,

Oñate³

et al. 2021

ConcienciaDigital

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Introducción. La presente investigación está enfocada en el cantón Ambato, el mismo que se lo considera como el centro de acopio más grande de la zona central del país, al tener una tierra fértil posee la ventaja de ser una ciudad netamente productiva logrando un crecimiento en imagen e identidad con base en su historia culinaria siendo este un factor diferenciador de las demás ciudades del Ecuador. Objetivo. Generar una ruta alimentaria con eje en la revalorización de la identidad gastronómica ambateña, realzando a la cocina en la actividad turística, convirtiéndose en un factor preponderante en la motivación de elección de destino, debido a que cada vez se evidencia más la premisa: “se viaja para comer”. Metodología. Se desarrolla una investigación descriptiva prospectiva aplicando un modelo metodológico FAVA-SENA para la elaboración de la ruta turística que plasme la identidad alimentaria ambateña, llevando un conocimiento histórico a través de las tradiciones que posee cada una de las preparaciones. Resultados. Los platos representativos de la ciudad dan origen a la denominándola “Ruta del Ágape”, en busca de dar un significado distinto, es decir, crear un vínculo fraternal entre la gastronomía y el turista, misma que cuenta con un 83% de aceptabilidad entre la población estudiada. Por otra parte, se realizó una prueba no paramétrica Kolmogorov-Smirnov obteniendo una significancia de 0,000 afirmando así la hipótesis planteada. Conclusión. Las rutas turísticas basadas en la identidad de los alimentos marcan en el viajero una experiencia inolvidable y promueven la actividad turística del sector.

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The optimal design of the retaining walls built by the Incas in their agricultural terraces

Cited by 5 publications

References 11 publications

An integrative approach to ancient agricultural terraces and forms of dependency: the case of Cutamalla in the prehispanic Andes

An integrative approach to ancient agricultural terraces and forms of dependency: the case of Cutamalla in the prehispanic Andes

Identification of Landslide Area Using Geoelectrical Resistivity Method as Disaster Mitigation Strategy

Las rutas alimentarias: una estrategia turística basada en la identidad gastronómica ambateña

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