The Opioid Epidemic and Homicide in the United States

Rosenfeld, Richard; Wallman, Joel; Roth, Randolph

doi:10.1177/0022427820986848

Cited by 11 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 71 publications

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“…Our findings indicate there are spatial clusters of high overdose and high firearm injury rates and overdose rates are positively associated with future firearm injury rates, which align with prior research (Rosenfeld et al 2021 ; Rosenfeld and Roth 2021 ). Our study also identifies common underlying neighborhood factors associated with overdoses and firearm injury, particularly for predominantly Black communities with high levels of structural disadvantage and racism.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

“…For both overdose and firearm injury, we examined the fatal and nonfatal events separately but also combined these events for a composite measure of overdose and firearm injury. To measure census tract-level characteristics , we used US census data and selected variables of interest based on prior firearm injury and drug-related mortality research (Sampson et al 1997 ; Rosenfeld et al 2021 ; Dittmer et al 2021 ; Mars et al 2015 ). These characteristics include the percent of Black residents, percent of Hispanic residents, percent of residents living in poverty, percent of female-headed single households, percent unemployed, percent public assistance, percent male population between 15 and 24 years of age, percent of renters, and the total population.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In a national level study from 1999 to 2015, race-specific overdose was positively associated with race-specific homicide rates in the following year when adjusting for county level context (Rosenfeld et al 2021 ), and the increase in overdose was correlated with higher homicide rates over time (Rosenfeld and Roth 2021 ). These studies were limited to national overdose data and only looked at opioid-related events to measure the demand of illegal drug markets, which are known to be undercounted in many parts of the USA (Ruhm 2016 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Dual public health crises: the overlap of drug overdose and firearm injury in Indianapolis, Indiana, 2018–2020

et al. 2022

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Background Drug overdose and firearm injury are two of the United States (US) most unrelenting public health crises, both of which have been compounded by the COVID-19 pandemic. Programs and policies typically focus on each epidemic, alone, which may produce less efficient interventions if overlap does exist. The objective is to examine whether drug overdose correlates with and is associated with firearm injury at the census tract level while controlling for neighborhood characteristics. Methods An ecological study of census tracts in Indianapolis, Indiana from 2018 to 2020. Population rates per 100,000 and census tracts with the highest overlap of overdose and firearm injury were identified based on spatial clusters. Bivariate association between census tract characteristic and drug overdose and firearm violence rate within spatial clusters. Zero-inflated negative binominal regression was used to estimate if the drug overdose activity is associated with higher future firearm injury. Results In high overdose—high firearm injury census tracts, rates of firearm injury and drug overdose are two times higher compared to city wide rates. Indicators of structural disadvantage and structural racism are higher in high overdose—high firearm injury census tracts compared to city-wide averages. Drug overdoses are associated with higher rates of firearm injury in the following year (IRR: 1.004, 95% CI 1.001, 1.007, p < 0.05), adjusting for census tract characteristics and spatial dependence. Conclusions Drug overdose and firearm injury co-spatially concentrate within census tracts. Moreover, drug overdoses are associated with future firearm injury. Interventions to reduce firearm injuries and drug overdoses should be a co-response in high drug overdose—high firearm injury communities.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Dual public health crises: the overlap of drug overdose and firearm injury in Indianapolis, Indiana, 2018–2020

et al. 2022

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“…To control for spatial clustering of crime in Philadelphia neighborhoods (Moran’s I = 0.31), we include a spatial lag of the total crime rate in neighboring census tracts calculated in GeoDa using a first-order queen contiguity criterion consistent with other studies of neighborhood crime (Semenza et al, 2020; Stansfield & Semenza, 2019; Steidley et al, 2017). We also include a separate control for the rate of narcotics-related incidents given the high impact of the opioid crisis on Philadelphians (Eichel & Pharis, 2018; Johnson & Shreve, 2020) and a documented relationship between the opioid epidemic and crime (Rosenfeld et al, 2021). This is especially true in Philadelphia, which has one of the highest overdose mortality rates in the country among large counties (Eichel & Pharis, 2018).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Eviction and Crime: A Neighborhood Analysis in Philadelphia

Semenza¹,

Stansfield²,

Grosholz

et al. 2021

Crime & Delinquency

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In this study, we use generalized estimating equation (GEE) models to analyze how rates of eviction correspond to homicide, robbery, and burglary rates across all residential neighborhoods in Philadelphia from 2006 through 2016. We assess the moderating role of neighborhood poverty accounting for residential mobility, economic disadvantage, and community composition. We find that eviction is associated with all three types of crime in fully controlled models. Additionally, neighborhood poverty significantly moderates this relationship for robbery and burglary, but not homicide. We discuss the implications of these results with attention to policy opportunities to reduce eviction and suggestions for future research.

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“…, 2018). Homicide rates across the US are also correlated with opioid overdoses, suggesting a close nexus between violence and the drug markets that fuel the opioid crisis (Rosenfeld et al ., 2021), with particular emphasis on gun violence (Johnson et al. , 2020).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Policing the largest drug market on the eastern seaboard: officer perspectives on enforcement and community safety

Ratcliffe

Wight

2022

PIJPSM

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PurposeThe Kensington transit corridor runs between Huntingdon and Allegheny stations in the Kensington area of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and is one of the largest illicit drug areas in the country. The authors report qualitative findings from ride-alongs with transit police officers assigned to a vehicle patrol dedicated to reducing the response time to opioid overdoses in and around the transit system (trains and buses) in this large open-air drug market. This study's focus was on management and mitigation of the criminogenic harms associated with the illicit drug environment.Design/methodology/approachFor ten months, transit officers patrolled the Kensington transit corridor in a dedicated vehicle (callsign “Oscar One”). Oscar One operated during either an early (8 a.m. to 4 p.m.) or late (4 p.m. to midnight) shift, between September 2020 and June 2021. 269 shifts were randomly selected for Oscar One from 574 possible shifts. Researchers accompanied Oscar One for 51 observations (19%), 45 of which were completed by the authors. Semi-structured interviews occurred during these shifts, as well as ethnographic field observations.FindingsFour main themes emerged from the study. These centered on the role of law enforcement in a large drug market, the politics of enforcement within the city of Philadelphia, the policing world around risk and proactive engagement post–George Floyd, and the sense of police being overwhelmed on the front-line of community safety.Originality/valuePolice officers have a community safety as well as a law enforcement mandate, and this study explores the community safety and harm mitigation role from their perspective. The article draws on their words, based on approximately 400 h of field observation.

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The Opioid Epidemic and Homicide in the United States

Cited by 11 publications

References 71 publications

Dual public health crises: the overlap of drug overdose and firearm injury in Indianapolis, Indiana, 2018–2020

Dual public health crises: the overlap of drug overdose and firearm injury in Indianapolis, Indiana, 2018–2020

Eviction and Crime: A Neighborhood Analysis in Philadelphia

Policing the largest drug market on the eastern seaboard: officer perspectives on enforcement and community safety

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